NURS 6521 Decision Making When Treating Psychological Disorders Discussion Paper Example

NURS 6521 Decision Making When Treating Psychological Disorders Discussion AssignmentNURS 6521 Decision Making When Treating Psychological Disorders Discussion Assignment

NURS 6521 Decision Making When Treating Psychological Disorders Discussion Paper Assignment Brief

Course: NURS 6521 – Advanced Pharmacology

Assignment Title: NURS 6521 Decision Making When Treating Psychological Disorders Discussion Assignment

Assignment Overview

This assignment focuses on enhancing decision-making skills in pharmacotherapy for treating psychological disorders. Students will engage with interactive media pieces to simulate real-world scenarios where they must recommend appropriate pharmacotherapeutics based on patient characteristics and disorder presentation. This exercise aims to deepen understanding of the impacts of medication on pathophysiology and refine critical thinking in advanced practice nursing.

Understanding Assignment Objectives

The primary objective of this assignment is to assess students’ ability to integrate theoretical knowledge with practical decision-making skills in treating psychological disorders. By analyzing interactive case studies, students will evaluate and justify the selection of pharmacotherapeutics while considering potential impacts on patient pathophysiology.

The Student’s Role

As a student in this assignment, you are tasked with selecting and analyzing an interactive media piece that presents a psychological disorder scenario. Your role includes evaluating the effectiveness of pharmacotherapeutic options, recommending the most suitable medication, and assessing its potential implications on the patient’s pathophysiology. Additionally, you will participate in discussions with peers to offer alternative drug treatments based on different case scenarios.

Competencies Measured

This assignment assesses several key competencies critical to advanced practice nursing:

  • Clinical Decision Making: Ability to analyze patient data and apply evidence-based practices to formulate treatment plans.
  • Pharmacotherapy Knowledge: Understanding of pharmacological principles and mechanisms of action in treating psychological disorders.
  • Patient Safety and Education: Ensuring safe administration of medications while educating patients and caregivers on potential side effects and treatment expectations.
  • Critical Thinking and Communication: Articulating rationale behind treatment choices and engaging in constructive dialogue with peers to explore alternative therapeutic approaches.

You Can Also Check Other Related Assessments for the NURS 6521 – Advanced Pharmacology Course:

NURS 6521 Discussion Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Ethical and Legal Implications of Prescribing Drugs Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Asthma and Stepwise Management Assignment Presentation Example

NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Diabetes and Drug Treatments Discussion Paper Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Off-Label Drug Use in Pediatrics Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Decision Making When Treating Psychological Disorders Discussion Paper Example

Psychological disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorders significantly impact patients’ lives, affecting their physical health, emotional well-being, and social functioning. Advanced practice nurses (APNs) play a crucial role in managing the care of patients with these disorders, ensuring safe and effective treatment approaches tailored to individual patient factors and medical histories.

For this Discussion, I focused on an interactive media piece that addressed the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). The decision-making process involved selecting the most appropriate pharmacotherapy based on the patient’s condition and potential impacts on their pathophysiology.

Case Study Overview

The interactive media piece presented a case of a 35-year-old Hispanic male diagnosed with MDD. He presented with symptoms including persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities, and difficulty concentrating, impacting his work performance and interpersonal relationships.

Decision Steps

In approaching this case, I considered the efficacy and potential side effects of three pharmacotherapeutic options: Zoloft (sertraline) 25 mg orally daily, Effexor XR (venlafaxine) 37.5 mg orally daily, and Phenelzine 15 mg orally TID. Each medication targets neurotransmitter systems implicated in MDD but varies in mechanism and side effect profile.

Recommended Pharmacotherapy

Based on the assessment of available options, Effexor XR 37.5 mg orally daily emerged as the most suitable choice for this patient. Effexor XR, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), not only addresses depressive symptoms but also offers flexibility in dosage adjustment and minimal interaction with daily activities due to its once-daily dosing regimen (Dahale et al., 2014).

Impact on Pathophysiology

The administration of Effexor XR influences serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain, which are crucial in regulating mood, sleep, and emotional responses. By restoring these neurotransmitters, Effexor XR aims to alleviate depressive symptoms and potentially enhance the patient’s overall quality of life (Dahale et al., 2014).

Treatment Plan Considerations

In recommending Effexor XR, it is essential to monitor the patient closely for therapeutic response and adverse effects, such as initial activation or gastrointestinal disturbances. Educating the patient and their family about medication adherence and potential side effects will be critical in optimizing treatment outcomes and ensuring patient safety.

Conclusion

Effective decision making in treating psychological disorders involves a thorough understanding of pharmacotherapeutic options, their mechanisms of action, and individual patient characteristics. By selecting the most appropriate medication, such as Effexor XR in this case, APNs can contribute significantly to improving patient outcomes and quality of life.

References

Dahale, A. B., Narayanaswamy, J. C., Venkatasubramanian, G., & Bagewadi, V. I. (2014). Successful use of agomelatine and venlafaxine combination in major depression. General hospital psychiatry, 36(1), e3.

Detailed Assessment Instructions for the NURS 6521 Decision Making When Treating Psychological Disorders Discussion Paper Assignment

Discussion: Decision Making When Treating Psychological Disorders

Psychological disorders, such as depression, bipolar, and anxiety disorders can present several complications for patients of all ages. These disorders affect patients physically and emotionally, potentially impacting judgment, school and/or job performance, and relationships with family and friends. Since these disorders have many drastic effects on patients’ lives, it is important for advanced practice nurses to effectively manage patient care. With patient factors and medical history in mind, it is the advanced practice nurse’s responsibility to ensure the safe and effective diagnosis, treatment, and education of patients with psychological disorders.

For this Discussion, you will select an interactive media piece to practice decision making when treating patients with psychological disorders. You will recommend the most effective pharmacotherapeutic to treat the psychological disorder presented and examine potential impacts of pharmacotherapeutics on a patient’s pathophysiology.

To Prepare

  • Review this week’s interactive media pieces and select one to focus on for this Discussion.
  • Reflect on the decision steps in the interactive media pieces, and consider the potential impacts from the administration of the associated pharmacotherapeutics on the patient’s pathophysiology.

By Day 3 of Week 8

Post a brief explanation of the psychological disorder presented and the decision steps you applied in completing the interactive media piece for the psychological disorder you selected. Then, explain how the administration of the associated pharmacotherapeutics you recommended may impact the patient’s pathophysiology. How might these potential impacts inform how you would suggest treatment plans for this patient? Be specific and provide examples.

By Day 6 of Week 8

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses and respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days who selected a different interactive media piece on a psychological disorder, and provide recommendations for alternative drug treatments to address the patient’s pathophysiology.

Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link, and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit!

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NURS 6521 Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders AssignmentNURS 6521 Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Assignment

NURS 6521 Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Assignment Brief

Course: NURS 6521 – Advanced Pharmacology

Assignment Title: NURS 6521 Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Assignment

Assignment Instructions Overview

This assignment requires students to engage with an interactive media piece focusing on patient case studies involving neurological and musculoskeletal disorders. Each student will analyze the symptoms presented in the case study assigned by the instructor and develop a decision tree for diagnosis and treatment.

Understanding Assignment Objectives

The primary objective of this assignment is for students to demonstrate their ability to assess and treat patients presenting symptoms of neurological and musculoskeletal disorders. By engaging with interactive media resources, students will integrate theoretical knowledge with practical decision-making skills in clinical scenarios.

The Student’s Role

Students will critically analyze the patient case study provided through the assigned interactive media piece. They will formulate three key decisions regarding the diagnosis and treatment of the patient based on the symptoms and disorder presented. Each decision should be supported by evidence-based literature and consider potential co-morbidities and patient-specific factors.

Competencies Measured

This assignment measures students’ competencies in:

  • Clinical reasoning and decision-making in neurology and musculoskeletal health.
  • Application of evidence-based practice in patient assessment and treatment planning.
  • Integration of theoretical knowledge with practical clinical scenarios.
  • Communication of diagnostic and treatment strategies based on patient-centered care principles.

You Can Also Check Other Related Assessments for the NURS 6521 – Advanced Pharmacology Course:

NURS 6521 Discussion Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Ethical and Legal Implications of Prescribing Drugs Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Asthma and Stepwise Management Assignment Presentation Example

NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Diabetes and Drug Treatments Discussion Paper Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Decision Making When Treating Psychological Disorders Discussion Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Off-Label Drug Use in Pediatrics Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Assignment Example

Case Summary

A 43-year-old white male presents with chronic pain following a work-related fall seven years ago, resulting in hip injury. His pain is accompanied by ambulation difficulties necessitating crutches. Referred for psychiatric evaluation due to skepticism from his family doctor regarding the legitimacy of his pain, the patient denies depression but acknowledges significant life disruptions due to pain, including job loss and strained relationships. A diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) has been previously made by a neurologist. Despite significant impact on his personal and professional life, he denies depression. Previous treatment attempts include unsuccessful pain management due to side effects.

Decision 1

Initiation of Savella (milnacipran) for pain management at 12.5 mg orally once daily, escalating to 50 mg twice daily over a one-week titration schedule was chosen. Savella, an SNRI and NMDA antagonist, is selected for its potential to modulate pain signaling by enhancing neurotransmitter availability, thereby alleviating pain hypersensitivity associated with CRPS (Stanton-Hicks, 2018). Alternative treatments like Amitriptyline were avoided due to potential side effects that could compromise patient compliance (Benzon, Liu & Buvanendran, 2016).

Expected Outcome

Anticipated outcomes included significant pain reduction (3/10), improved ambulation without crutches, and enhanced quality of life. These expectations were based on the analgesic properties of Savella documented in literature (Stanton-Hicks, 2018).

Difference between Expected Outcome and Actual Outcome

Following four weeks of treatment, the patient reported reduced pain intensity (4/10), but with persistence of morning exacerbations and nocturnal awakenings due to pain. Side effects such as sweating, sleep disturbances, and elevated blood pressure were noted, necessitating dosage adjustment (Finnerup et al., 2015).

Decision 2

Dosage reduction of Savella from 50 mg orally once daily to 25 mg twice daily was implemented to manage side effects while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. This decision aimed to balance pain management with minimizing adverse reactions, aligning with evidence suggesting dosage adjustments can mitigate drug-related symptoms (Stanton-Hicks, 2018).

Expected Outcome

Expected outcomes included continued pain relief, improved functional capacity, and resolution of drug-related side effects, fostering a return to normal activities and improved mood (Benzon, Liu & Buvanendran, 2016).

Difference between Expected Outcome and Actual Outcome

Despite dosage adjustment, the patient’s pain levels worsened, necessitating continued use of crutches and a reported pain intensity of 7 on a 10-point scale, indicating inadequate pain management. Although Savella-related side effects abated, functional improvement was limited (Murnion, 2018).

Decision 3

Transition to a split dosing regimen of Savella, 50 mg orally in the morning and 25 mg at bedtime, was chosen to capitalize on the observed diurnal pain pattern, aiming for enhanced pain control throughout the day. This decision was supported by literature suggesting optimized pain management through tailored dosing schedules (Finnerup et al., 2015).

Expected Outcome

Anticipated outcomes included further pain reduction (3/10), improved ambulation without aids, and stabilization of mood disturbances. Expected resolution of Savella-related side effects was also anticipated (Stanton-Hicks, 2018).

Difference between Expected Outcome and Actual Outcome

Following four weeks, the patient reported modest pain reduction, improved ambulation, and a pain intensity level of 4 on a 10-point scale. While mood and functional improvements were noted, complete pain resolution was not achieved, reinforcing the chronic nature of CRPS management (Benzon, Liu & Buvanendran, 2016). Comprehensive pain management strategies including adjunctive therapies were recommended to optimize outcomes (Murnion, 2018).

Conclusion

Effective management of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) necessitates a comprehensive approach that integrates tailored pharmacological interventions with non-pharmacological strategies. Pharmacotherapy, such as the use of medications like Savella, is pivotal in alleviating symptoms; however, adjustments must be personalized to achieve optimal balance between efficacy and tolerability. Concurrently, holistic care involving physical therapy, lifestyle modifications, and psychological support is indispensable for enhancing outcomes in chronic pain conditions like CRPS. By combining these approaches, healthcare providers can address the multifaceted nature of CRPS and improve overall patient well-being and functional outcomes.

References

Benzon, H. T., Liu, S. S., & Buvanendran, A. (2016). Evolving definitions and pharmacologic management of complex regional pain syndrome.

Finnerup, N. B., et al. (2015). Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Neurology, 14(2), 162-173.

Murnion, B. P. (2018). Neuropathic pain: current definition and review of drug treatment. Australian prescriber, 41(3), 60.

Stanton-Hicks, M. (2018). Complex regional pain syndrome. In Fundamentals of Pain Medicine (pp. 211-220). Springer, Cham.

Detailed Assessment Instructions for the NURS 6521 Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Assignment

Assignment: Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders

For your Assignment, your Instructor will assign you one of the decision tree interactive media pieces provided in the Resources. As you examine the patient case studies in this module’s Resources, consider how you might assess and treat patients presenting symptoms of neurological and musculoskeletal disorders.

To Prepare

  • Review the interactive media piece assigned by your Instructor.
  • Reflect on the patient’s symptoms and aspects of the disorder presented in the interactive media piece.
  • Consider how you might assess and treat patients presenting with the symptoms of the patient case study you were assigned.
  • You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the diagnosis and treatment for this patient. Reflect on potential co-morbid physical as well as patient factors that might impact the patient’s diagnosis and treatment.

By Day 7 of Week 8

Write a 1- to 2-page summary paper that addresses the following:

  • Briefly summarize the patient case study you were assigned, including each of the three decisions you took for the patient presented.
  • Based on the decisions you recommended for the patient case study, explain whether you believe the decisions provided were supported by the evidence-based literature. Be specific and provide examples. Be sure to support your response with evidence and references from outside resources.
  • What were you hoping to achieve with the decisions you recommended for the patient case study you were assigned? Support your response with evidence and references from outside resources.
  • Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with each of the decisions and the results of the decision in the exercise. Describe whether they were different. Be specific and provide examples.

You will submit this Assignment in Week 8.

Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

  • Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK8Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
  • Click the Week 8 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
  • Click the Week 8 Assignment  You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
  • Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer Find the document you saved as “WK8Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
  • If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
  • Click on the Submitbutton to complete your submission.

 Submit Your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 8

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NURS 6521 Diabetes and Drug Treatments Discussion Paper Example

NURS 6521 Diabetes and Drug Treatments Discussion Paper AssignmentNURS 6521 Diabetes and Drug Treatments Discussion Paper Assignment

NURS 6521 Diabetes and Drug Treatments Discussion Paper Assignment Brief

Course: NURS 6521 – Advanced Pharmacology

Assignment Title: NURS 6521 Diabetes and Drug Treatments Discussion Paper Assignment

Assignment Instructions Overview

In this assignment, you will explore various types of diabetes and their corresponding drug treatments. Understanding the differences between these types is crucial as each requires tailored management strategies. You will analyze the short-term and long-term impacts of diabetes on patients, focusing on the effects of drug therapies. Additionally, you will engage in constructive discussions with peers, providing alternative treatment recommendations and patient education strategies.

Understanding Assignment Objectives

The primary objective of this assignment is to deepen your understanding of diabetes types (type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile) and their pharmacological treatments. By critically evaluating these aspects, you will gain insights into how different factors influence treatment decisions and patient outcomes.

The Student’s Role

As a student, your role is to conduct comprehensive research on diabetes types and their respective drug therapies. You will critically analyze the preparation, administration, and dietary considerations associated with one chosen drug used for treating a specific type of diabetes. Subsequently, you will evaluate and articulate the short-term and long-term impacts of the chosen diabetes type on patients, emphasizing the effects of pharmacological interventions.

Competencies Measured

This assignment assesses your ability to:

  • Analyze differences between types of diabetes and their treatment approaches.
  • Evaluate the pharmacological management of diabetes, including drug administration and dietary considerations.
  • Assess the short-term and long-term impacts of diabetes on patient health, integrating the effects of drug treatments.
  • Engage in meaningful peer discussions by providing alternative treatment recommendations and educational strategies for diabetes management.

You Can Also Check Other Related Assessments for the NURS 6521 – Advanced Pharmacology Course:

NURS 6521 Discussion Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Ethical and Legal Implications of Prescribing Drugs Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Asthma and Stepwise Management Assignment Presentation Example

NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Decision Making When Treating Psychological Disorders Discussion Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Off-Label Drug Use in Pediatrics Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Diabetes and Drug Treatments Discussion Paper Example

Diabetes is a prevalent chronic condition characterized by elevated blood sugar levels. There are several types of diabetes, each with distinct etiologies and management strategies. Type 1 diabetes results from the pancreas’s inability to produce insulin, typically diagnosed in childhood or adolescence (Chatterjee, Khunti, & Davies, 2017). Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance or inadequate insulin production, often linked to lifestyle factors and genetics (American Diabetes Association, 2018). Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and usually resolves postpartum, while juvenile diabetes refers primarily to type 1 diabetes diagnosed in young individuals (McIntyre et al., 2019; Bimstein et al., 2019).

For this discussion, the focus will be on type 2 diabetes, which affects how the body processes glucose. One commonly prescribed medication for type 2 diabetes is metformin. Metformin works by reducing liver glucose production and enhancing insulin sensitivity (Rena, Hardie, & Pearson, 2017). It is available in both immediate-release and extended-release formulations, typically administered orally in doses ranging from 500 to 2550 mg daily, ideally with meals to minimize gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea and diarrhea (American Diabetes Association, 2018).

Dietary considerations are crucial in managing type 2 diabetes. Patients are advised to consume complex carbohydrates like whole grains, vegetables, and legumes, while limiting simple sugars and refined carbohydrates (Sami, Ansari, Butt, & Ab Hamid, 2017).

The short-term impact of type 2 diabetes includes acute complications like hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome and hypoglycemia, while long-term effects encompass chronic complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, kidney disease, and cardiovascular issues (Afanasiev et al., 2018).

In conclusion, understanding the distinctions between types of diabetes and their respective treatments is crucial for effective patient management. Type 2 diabetes, in particular, requires a multifaceted approach involving medication, dietary adjustments, and lifestyle modifications to mitigate both short-term and long-term complications.

References

Afanasiev, S. A., et al. (2018). The impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on long-term prognosis in patients of different ages with myocardial infarction. Journal of diabetes research, 2018.

American Diabetes Association. (2018). Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of medical care in diabetes—2018. Diabetes Care, 41(Supplement 1), S73–S85. Retrieved from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/supplement_1/s73.full-text.pdf

Bimstein, E., et al. (2019). Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Juvenile Diabetes)–A review for the pediatric oral health provider. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 43(6), 417-423.

Chatterjee, S., Khunti, K., & Davies, M. J. (2017). Type 2 diabetes. The Lancet, 389(10085), 2239-2251.

McIntyre, H. D., et al. (2019). Gestational diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 5(1), 1-19.

Rena, G., Hardie, D. G., & Pearson, E. R. (2017). The mechanisms of action of metformin. Diabetologia, 60(9), 1577-1585.

Sami, W., Ansari, T., Butt, N. S., & Ab Hamid, M. R. (2017). Effect of diet on type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review. International journal of health sciences, 11(2), 65.

Detailed Assessment Instructions for the NURS 6521 Diabetes and Drug Treatments Discussion Paper Assignment

Discussion: Diabetes and Drug Treatments

Each year, 1.5 million Americans are diagnosed with diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2019). If left untreated, diabetic patients are at risk for several alterations, including heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, neuropathy, and blindness. There are various methods for treating diabetes, many of which include some form of drug therapy. The type of diabetes as well as the patient’s behavior factors will impact treatment recommendations.

For this Discussion, you compare types of diabetes, including drug treatments for type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes.

Reference: American Diabetes Association. (2019). Statistics about diabetes. Retrieved from http://diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/

To Prepare

  • Review the Resources for this module and reflect on differences between types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes.
  • Select one type of diabetes to focus on for this Discussion.
  • Consider one type of drug used to treat the type of diabetes you selected, including proper preparation and administration of this drug. Then, reflect on dietary considerations related to treatment.
  • Think about the short-term and long-term impact of the diabetes you selected on patients, including effects of drug treatments.

By Day 3 of Week 5

Post a brief explanation of the differences between the types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes. Describe one type of drug used to treat the type of diabetes you selected, including proper preparation and administration of this drug. Be sure to include dietary considerations related to treatment. Then, explain the short-term and long-term impact of this type of diabetes on patients. including effects of drug treatments. Be specific and provide examples.

By Day 6 of Week 5

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses and respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days who selected a different type of diabetes than you did. Provide recommendations for alternative drug treatments and patient education strategies for treatment and management.

Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link, and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit!

Post by Day 3 of Week 5 and Respond by Day 6 of Week 5

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NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders AssignmentNURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Assignment

NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Assignment Brief

Course: NURS 6521 – Advanced Pharmacology

Assignment Title: NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Assignment

Assignment Instructions Overview

The assignment focuses on understanding and applying pharmacotherapy principles for gastrointestinal (GI) and hepatobiliary disorders. Students will analyze a case study to formulate a diagnosis and design a drug therapy plan based on patient symptoms, medical history, and current medications. The goal is to address the underlying cause of symptoms rather than managing them superficially.

Understanding Assignment Objectives

Students are tasked with:

  • Reviewing a provided case study to identify symptoms and pertinent medical details.
  • Formulating a diagnosis considering possible GI/hepatobiliary disorders or alternative systemic causes.
  • Developing a comprehensive drug therapy plan tailored to the patient’s specific condition and existing medications.
  • Justifying the selected drug therapy plan with evidence-based reasoning.

The Student’s Role

As a student undertaking this assignment, your role is to critically analyze clinical data, integrate pharmacotherapy knowledge, and demonstrate clinical reasoning skills. You will synthesize information from the case study to propose an effective treatment strategy that aligns with best practices in advanced nursing practice.

Competencies Measured

This assignment assesses competencies in:

  • Diagnostic reasoning: Ability to interpret symptoms and medical history to reach a logical diagnosis.
  • Pharmacotherapeutic knowledge: Application of drug therapy principles specific to GI and hepatobiliary disorders.
  • Patient-centered care: Designing a treatment plan that considers individual patient factors and preferences.
  • Evidence-based practice: Justifying treatment decisions with current research and clinical guidelines.

You Can Also Check Other Related Assessments for the NURS 6521 – Advanced Pharmacology Course:

NURS 6521 Discussion Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Ethical and Legal Implications of Prescribing Drugs Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Asthma and Stepwise Management Assignment Presentation Example

NURS 6521 Diabetes and Drug Treatments Discussion Paper Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Decision Making When Treating Psychological Disorders Discussion Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Off-Label Drug Use in Pediatrics Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Assignment Example

Introduction

Gastrointestinal (GI) and hepatobiliary disorders often present with similar symptoms, making diagnosis challenging. This paper examines a case study of a patient presenting with symptoms indicative of a GI/hepatobiliary disorder. The diagnosis, rationale, and a recommended drug therapy plan are discussed based on the patient’s medical history and current medications.

Case Study Analysis

Patient Information

  • Current Medications: Synthroid, nifedipine, prednisone
  • Symptoms: Abdominal pain, cramping, nausea, bloating, fatigue

Diagnosis

The patient likely has acute gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines usually caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. The symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain align with this condition (Ibrahim et al., 2016). The patient’s use of prednisone, an immunosuppressant, may increase susceptibility to infections, supporting this diagnosis.

Rationale for Diagnosis

Acute gastroenteritis is characterized by sudden onset of GI symptoms. The patient’s symptoms and the immunosuppressive nature of prednisone suggest a viral or bacterial infection as the underlying cause. Synthroid (for hypothyroidism) and nifedipine (for hypertension) do not directly relate to these symptoms but may influence the overall management plan.

Differential Diagnosis

Other conditions to consider include:

  • Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
  • Peptic Ulcer Disease
  • Hepatitis
  • Gallbladder Disease

However, the acute nature and symptom profile most strongly indicate gastroenteritis.

Drug Therapy Plan

Medication

  • Ondansetron 8mg: Administered to control nausea and vomiting by blocking serotonin receptors in the brain and gut.
  • Rehydration Solutions: Oral rehydration salts (ORS) to manage dehydration caused by diarrhea and vomiting.
  • Probiotics: To restore gut flora and reduce the duration of diarrhea.
  • Continue Prednisone with Tapering Plan: Gradually reduce prednisone dosage to prevent adrenal insufficiency and flare-ups of underlying conditions.

Justification

Ondansetron is effective in preventing nausea and vomiting, reducing discomfort and preventing further dehydration (Parker et al., 2018). ORS are crucial in managing fluid and electrolyte loss, ensuring proper hydration (CDC, 2020). Probiotics can help restore the natural balance of the gut microbiota, improving recovery from gastroenteritis (Suez & Elinav, 2017). Tapering prednisone prevents adverse effects associated with sudden discontinuation, maintaining the patient’s immune response without abrupt suppression (WebMD, n.d.).

Conclusion

The diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis is supported by the patient’s symptoms and medical history, particularly the use of prednisone. The recommended drug therapy plan, including ondansetron, ORS, probiotics, and a tapered prednisone schedule, addresses both symptom relief and underlying health maintenance. Proper management ensures effective treatment of the acute condition while safeguarding the patient’s overall health.

References

Parker, S. E., Van Bennekom, C., Anderka, M., & Mitchell, A. A. (2018). Ondansetron for treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and the risk of specific birth defects. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 132(2), 385-394.

CDC. (2020). Oral Rehydration Solutions (ORS). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/ treatment/rehydration.html

Suez, J., & Elinav, E. (2017). Probiotics in the next-generation sequencing era. Gut Microbes, 8(2), 133-136.

Batlle, L., Mattie, R., & Irwin, R. (2016). A medication combination for the treatment of central poststroke pain via the adjuvant use of prednisone with gabapentin: a case report. PM&R, 8(3), 278-281.

WebMD. (n.d.). Can tapering off prednisone cause a flare? Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/drug-medication/qa/can-tapering-off-prednisone-cause-a-flare

Detailed Assessment Instructions for the NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Assignment

Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders

Gastrointestinal (GI) and hepatobiliary disorders affect the structure and function of the GI tract. Many of these disorders often have similar symptoms, such as abdominal pain, cramping, constipation, nausea, bloating, and fatigue. Since multiple disorders can be tied to the same symptoms, it is important for advanced practice nurses to carefully evaluate patients and prescribe a treatment that targets the cause rather than the symptom.

Once the underlying cause is identified, an appropriate drug therapy plan can be recommended based on medical history and individual patient factors. In this Assignment, you examine a case study of a patient who presents with symptoms of a possible GI/hepatobiliary disorder, and you design an appropriate drug therapy plan.

To Prepare

Review the case study assigned by your Instructor for this Assignment

Reflect on the patient’s symptoms, medical history, and drugs currently prescribed.

Think about a possible diagnosis for the patient. Consider whether the patient has a disorder related to the gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary system or whether the symptoms are the result of a disorder from another system or other factors, such as pregnancy, drugs, or a psychological disorder.

Consider an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed.

By Day 7 of Week 4

Write a 1-page paper that addresses the following:

  • Explain your diagnosis for the patient, including your rationale for the diagnosis.
  • Describe an appropriate drug therapy plan based on the patient’s history, diagnosis, and drugs currently prescribed.
  • Justify why you would recommend this drug therapy plan for this patient. Be specific and provide examples.

Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center offers an example of those required elements (available at http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/57.htm). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

  • Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK4Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
  • Click the Week 4 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
  • Click the Week 4 Assignment  You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
  • Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer Find the document you saved as “WK4Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
  • If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
  • Click on the Submitbutton to complete your submission.

Submit Your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 4

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NURS 6521 Asthma and Stepwise Management Assignment Presentation Example

NURS 6521 Asthma and Stepwise Management Assignment Presentation

NURS 6521 Asthma and Stepwise Management Assignment PresentationNURS 6521 Asthma and Stepwise Management Presentation Assignment Brief

Course: NURS 6521 – Advanced Pharmacology

Assignment Title: NURS 6521 Asthma and Stepwise Management Assignment Presentation

Assignment Instructions Overview

This assignment focuses on the stepwise management of asthma, a chronic respiratory disorder affecting individuals of all ages. As an advanced practice nurse, your role in managing asthma involves recognizing symptoms, understanding triggers, and recommending appropriate treatment options. You will create a 5- to 6-slide PowerPoint presentation for a staff development meeting, detailing different approaches for implementing the stepwise approach for asthma treatment.

Understanding Assignment Objectives

The primary objectives of this assignment are to enhance your understanding of the pharmacological treatments available for asthma, including both long-term control and quick relief options, and to explore how the stepwise approach can be utilized to optimize patient care. You will also learn to effectively communicate these concepts to other healthcare providers, improving overall asthma management within your practice.

The Student’s Role

As a student, you are expected to:

  • Reflect on and review the various medications used to treat asthma, considering their impact on both adult and pediatric patients.
  • Apply the stepwise approach to a hypothetical patient scenario, demonstrating how this method assists in achieving and maintaining asthma control.
  • Develop a concise, informative presentation that educates your colleagues on these treatment strategies, highlighting the importance of tailored patient care and the role of stepwise management in clinical practice.

Competencies Measured

This assignment will assess the following competencies:

  • Pharmacological Knowledge: Understanding the different categories of asthma medications and their specific roles in long-term control and quick relief.
  • Clinical Decision-Making: Applying the stepwise approach to manage asthma effectively, adjusting treatment plans based on patient response.
  • Patient Education and Communication: Developing skills to educate patients and other healthcare providers about asthma management strategies.
  • Critical Thinking: Analyzing patient cases to determine the most appropriate treatment steps and recognizing when to escalate or de-escalate therapy.
  • Professional Presentation: Creating and delivering a professional PowerPoint presentation that clearly conveys complex medical information in an understandable manner.

You Can Also Check Other Related Assessments for the NURS 6521 – Advanced Pharmacology Course:

NURS 6521 Discussion Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Ethical and Legal Implications of Prescribing Drugs Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Diabetes and Drug Treatments Discussion Paper Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Decision Making When Treating Psychological Disorders Discussion Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Off-Label Drug Use in Pediatrics Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Asthma and Stepwise Management Assignment Presentation Example

Slide 1: Introduction

Asthma Overview:

  • Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that results in episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing, particularly at night or early in the morning (Gibson, 2019).
  • It affects both children and adults, with a significant global health impact.
  • Recognizing symptoms and triggers is crucial for effective management.
  • Proper treatment can prevent asthma attacks and improve quality of life (Walsh, 2019).

Slide 2: Long-Term Control Medications

Purpose:

  • Long-term control medications are designed to be taken daily to achieve and maintain control of persistent asthma.

Common Medications:

  • Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS): Flovent (fluticasone), QVAR (beclomethasone), Pulmicort (budesonide). These medications reduce inflammation and help prevent asthma attacks (Bonewit-West, Hunt, & Applegate, 2015).
  • Long-Acting Beta Agonists (LABAs): Advair (fluticasone/salmeterol), Symbicort (budesonide/formoterol). LABAs are used in combination with ICS for better control (Bernstein & Mansfield, 2019).
  • Leukotriene Modifiers: Singulair (montelukast) helps prevent airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction.
  • Immunomodulators: Omalizumab (Xolair) is used for severe asthma that is not controlled with ICS and LABAs.

Impact on Patients:

  • These medications help prevent symptoms and exacerbations, improving overall asthma control and quality of life (Falk, Hughes, & Rodgers, 2016).
  • Potential side effects include oral candidiasis, sore throat, and potential growth reduction in children from ICS (Walsh, 2019).

Slide 3: Quick Relief Medications

Purpose:

  • Quick relief medications are used to provide immediate relief from acute asthma symptoms and attacks.

Common Medications:

  • Short-Acting Beta Agonists (SABAs): Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin), Levalbuterol (Xopenex). These bronchodilators relax the muscles around the airways (Gibson, 2019).
  • Anticholinergics: Ipratropium (Atrovent) can be used for quick relief in combination with SABAs.
  • Systemic Corticosteroids: Prednisone is used for severe exacerbations to reduce inflammation.

Impact on Patients:

  • These medications provide fast relief of bronchoconstriction and acute symptoms, allowing patients to breathe more easily (Craig, 2014).
  • Side effects can include increased heart rate, anxiety, dizziness (from SABAs), and potential overuse leading to severe attacks (Walsh, 2019).

Slide 4: The Stepwise Approach Explained

Step-Up Therapy:

  • Begin with low-dose treatment; increase gradually if asthma control is not achieved.
  • For example, if a patient on low-dose ICS is not well-controlled, the dosage can be increased or a LABA can be added (Bernstein & Mansfield, 2019).

Step-Down Therapy:

  • Start with higher doses; reduce gradually as asthma control improves.
  • This approach minimizes medication exposure and side effects while maintaining control.

Application:

  • Tailor treatment based on individual patient response and control levels.
  • Adjustments are made in a structured manner to optimize asthma management (Craig, 2014).

Slide 5: Benefits of Stepwise Management

For Health Care Providers:

  • Provides a clear, structured approach to adjusting medications.
  • Complements clinical decision-making and ensures that each patient’s treatment is optimized based on their specific needs (Falk, Hughes, & Rodgers, 2016).

For Patients:

  • Improves overall asthma control and quality of life.
  • Simplifies medication regimens, making it easier for patients to adhere to their treatment plans (Bonewit-West, Hunt, & Applegate, 2015).
  • Reduces the risk of severe exacerbations and hospitalizations (Gibson, 2019).

Slide 6: Conclusion

Summary:

  • Asthma management requires a combination of long-term control and quick relief medications.
  • The stepwise approach allows for flexible, patient-centered care.
  • Continuous monitoring and adjustment of therapy are essential for optimal asthma control (Craig, 2014).

Final Thought:

  • Implementing the stepwise approach in clinical practice enhances disease control and patient outcomes, supporting both healthcare providers and patients in managing asthma effectively (Bernstein & Mansfield, 2019).

References

Bernstein, J. A., & Mansfield, L. (2019). Step-up and step-down treatments for optimal asthma control in children and adolescents. Journal of Asthma, 56(7), 758-770.

Bonewit-West, K., Hunt, S., & Applegate, E. (2015). Today’s Medical Assistant: Clinical & Administrative Procedures. London, UK: Elsevier Saunders.

Craig, T. J. (2014). Physician implementation of asthma management guidelines and recommendations: 2 case studies. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 114(11), eS4-eS15.

Falk, N. P., Hughes, S. W., & Rodgers, B. C. (2016). Medications for chronic asthma. American Family Physician, 94(6), 454-462.

Gibson, P. (2019). Monitoring Asthma. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.

Walsh, B. K. (2019). Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

Detailed Assessment Instructions for the NURS 6521 Asthma and Stepwise Management Assignment Presentation

Assignment: Asthma and Stepwise Management

Asthma is a respiratory disorder that affects children and adults. Advanced practice nurses often provide treatment to patients with these disorders. Sometimes patients require immediate treatment, making it essential that you recognize and distinguish minor asthma symptoms from serious, life-threatening ones. Since symptoms and attacks are often induced by a trigger, advanced practice nurses must also help patients identify their triggers and recommend appropriate management options. Like many other disorders, there are various approaches to treating and managing care for asthmatic patients depending on individual patient factors.

One method that supports the clinical decision making of drug therapy plans for asthmatic patients is the stepwise approach, which you explore in this Assignment.

To Prepare

  • Reflect on drugs used to treat asthmatic patients, including long-term control and quick relief treatment options for patients. Think about the impact these drugs might have on patients, including adults and children.
  • Consider how you might apply the stepwise approach to address the health needs of a patient in your practice.
  • Reflect on how stepwise management assists health care providers and patients in gaining and maintaining control of the disease.

By Day 7 of Week 3

Create a 5- to 6-slide PowerPoint presentation that can be used in a staff development meeting on presenting different approaches for implementing the stepwise approach for asthma treatment. Be sure to address the following:

  • Describe long-term control and quick relief treatment options for the asthma patient from your practice as well as the impact these drugs might have on your patient.
  • Explain the stepwise approach to asthma treatment and management for your patient.
  • Explain how stepwise management assists health care providers and patients in gaining and maintaining control of the disease. Be specific.

Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

  • Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK3Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
  • Click the Week 3 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
  • Click the Week 3 Assignment  You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
  • Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer Find the document you saved as “WK3Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
  • If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
  • Click on the Submitbutton to complete your submission.
  • NOTE: SafeAssign does not accept files over 10MB in size. Please attempt to keep your files under 10MB.

Submit Your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 3

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  3. Customized Nursing Paper Solutions: Whether you need assistance with a complex topic, have a tight deadline, or are seeking a guide on how to write your nursing assignment, we’ve got you covered. Our writers will tailor their approach to meet your specific needs.
  4. Originality Guaranteed: Say goodbye to plagiarized papers! Our writers will provide you with an outstanding nursing essay paper written from scratch, ensuring it adheres to any topic, deadline, and instructions you provide.

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NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders AssignmentNURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders Assignment

NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders Assignment Brief

Course: NURS 6521 – Advanced Pharmacology

Assignment Title: NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders Assignment

Assignment Instructions Overview

This assignment focuses on the pharmacotherapy for cardiovascular disorders, emphasizing the critical role of advanced practice nurses in recommending and managing treatment options. It highlights the importance of understanding and considering various patient-specific factors that influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. Students are required to review relevant resources, analyze a case study, and reflect on how specific factors affect drug therapy plans.

Understanding Assignment Objectives

The primary objective of this assignment is to ensure that students can effectively recommend appropriate pharmacotherapy for cardiovascular disorders while considering individual patient factors such as genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavioral factors. Students should demonstrate their ability to assess how these factors influence pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs) and pharmacodynamics (drug effects and mechanisms of action), and make informed adjustments to optimize patient outcomes.

The Student’s Role

As an advanced practice nurse, the student’s role involves critically analyzing a patient case study to understand the impact of selected factors on drug therapy. The student must:

  • Review relevant academic and clinical resources.
  • Select and reflect on one specific factor (genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior).
  • Analyze how the chosen factor influences pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.
  • Discuss how these changes might affect the recommended drug therapy.
  • Propose improvements or alternatives to the current drug therapy plan, supported by clinical evidence.

Competencies Measured

This assignment measures several key competencies, including:

  • Clinical Assessment Skills: The ability to assess patient-specific factors and their impact on drug therapy.
  • Pharmacology Knowledge: Understanding the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and their application to cardiovascular disorders.
  • Critical Thinking: Analyzing complex clinical scenarios and making evidence-based decisions to optimize drug therapy.
  • Communication: Clearly articulating the rationale for modifying or recommending drug therapy in written form.
  • Ethical and Patient-Centered Care: Ensuring that drug therapy recommendations are safe, effective, and tailored to individual patient needs.

You Can Also Check Other Related Assessments for the NURS 6521 – Advanced Pharmacology Course:

NURS 6521 Discussion Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Ethical and Legal Implications of Prescribing Drugs Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Asthma and Stepwise Management Assignment Presentation Example

NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Diabetes and Drug Treatments Discussion Paper Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Decision Making When Treating Psychological Disorders Discussion Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Off-Label Drug Use in Pediatrics Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders Assignment Example

Introduction

Cardiovascular disorders remain a significant health challenge, especially in the aging population. Advanced practice nurses (APNs) must recommend effective and safe treatment options, considering patient-specific factors that influence pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. This paper examines the impact of age on these processes and discusses potential improvements in drug therapy plans for elderly patients with cardiovascular disorders.

Influence of Age on Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Aging significantly affects pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes, altering drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Age-related changes include decreased renal function, reduced hepatic blood flow, increased body fat, and decreased muscle mass and total body water, all of which impact drug efficacy and safety (Van den Anker, Reed, Allegaert & Kearns, 2018).

Absorption

In elderly patients, the absorption of drugs can be slower due to decreased gastrointestinal motility and reduced secretion of digestive enzymes (Cossart et al., 2019). These changes can impair the bioavailability of medications, requiring adjustments in drug dosing and administration schedules.

Distribution

The increase in body fat and decrease in lean body mass and total body water in elderly patients affect drug distribution. Lipophilic drugs may have an increased volume of distribution, leading to prolonged drug action, while hydrophilic drugs may have a reduced volume of distribution, resulting in higher plasma concentrations and potential toxicity (Cossart et al., 2019).

Metabolism

Aging is associated with decreased liver volume and hepatic blood flow, impairing drug metabolism. This can lead to higher plasma concentrations of drugs metabolized by the liver, increasing the risk of adverse effects (Van den Anker et al., 2018). For example, elderly patients may experience prolonged effects and toxicity from drugs like statins, which are metabolized in the liver.

Excretion

Reduced renal function in elderly patients decreases drug clearance, resulting in higher plasma drug levels and increased risk of toxicity (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2018). This is particularly concerning for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index, such as atenolol and other cardiovascular medications.

Impact on Recommended Drug Therapy

The patient is currently prescribed atenolol, doxazosin, hydralazine, sertraline, and simvastatin. Each of these drugs requires careful consideration in elderly patients due to altered pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.

Atenolol

Atenolol, a beta-blocker, is used to treat hypertension but can lead to increased sensitivity and side effects in elderly patients. The increased absorption and plasma concentration of atenolol in older adults necessitate a lower dosage to prevent adverse effects like bradycardia and hypotension (Wang et al., 2019).

Doxazosin

Doxazosin, an alpha-blocker, can cause severe side effects such as dizziness and fainting due to increased sensitivity and plasma concentration in elderly patients. Co-administration with beta-blockers like atenolol can exacerbate these effects, leading to dangerously low blood pressure (Abdi & Campbell, 2018).

Sertraline

Sertraline, used for hyperlipidemia, can cause gastrointestinal complications, which are more severe in elderly patients due to decreased mucous lining and impaired drug absorption. This can lead to reduced drug efficacy and increased side effects (Chen et al., 2016).

Simvastatin

Simvastatin, a statin for high cholesterol, can impair liver function and cause muscle problems, particularly in the elderly. The increased risk of liver failure and muscle issues necessitates careful monitoring and potential dosage adjustments (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2018).

Improving the Patient’s Drug Therapy Plan

To optimize the patient’s drug therapy plan, several adjustments are recommended:

  • Discontinue Atenolol and Doxazosin: Given the risk of severe hypotension and cardiovascular complications, these drugs should be replaced with a safer alternative. Thiazide diuretics, such as hydrochlorothiazide at a low dose (12.5 mg), are recommended as a first-line treatment for hypertension in elderly patients due to their efficacy and lower risk of severe side effects (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2018).
  • Adjust Simvastatin Dosage: To reduce the risk of diabetes and other side effects, the dose of simvastatin should be lowered to 40 mg. This adjustment helps mitigate the potential adverse effects while maintaining its efficacy in managing hyperlipidemia.
  • Non-Pharmacologic Treatments: Incorporate lifestyle modifications, including regular exercise, weight control, and dietary changes (low sodium, sugar, and fat intake), to support pharmacologic treatments and reduce the need for multiple medications (AHA, 2019).

Conclusion

Age significantly influences pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes, requiring careful consideration in drug therapy plans for elderly patients. By adjusting dosages, discontinuing certain medications, and incorporating non-pharmacologic treatments, advanced practice nurses can improve the safety and efficacy of cardiovascular pharmacotherapy in older adults.

References

Abdi, E., & Campbell, A. (2018). Urological symptoms and side effects of treatment. In The MASCC Textbook of Cancer Supportive Care and Survivorship (pp. 469-503). Springer, Cham.

Chen, S. T., Narvaez, T. A., Harwood, D. G., Leskin, L. P., Brommelhoff, J. A., Bussel, N., & Sultzer, D. L. (2016). Sertraline for the treatment of depression in vascular cognitive impairment. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(3), S171-S172.

Cossart, A. R., Cottrell, W. N., Campbell, S. B., Isbel, N. M., & Staatz, C. E. (2019). Characterizing the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of immunosuppressant medicines and patient outcomes in elderly renal transplant patients. Translational andrology and urology, 8(Suppl 2), S198.

Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2018). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice providers. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

Van den Anker, J., Reed, M. D., Allegaert, K., & Kearns, G. L. (2018). Developmental changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 58, S10-S25.

Wang, Q., Xiang, B., Chen, S., & Ji, Y. (2019). Efficacy and safety of oral atenolol for the treatment of infantile haemangioma: A systematic review. Australasian Journal of Dermatology, 60(3), 181-185.

Detailed Assessment Instructions for the NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders Assignment

Assignment: Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders

…heart disease remains the No. 1 killer in America; nearly half of all Americans have high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or smoke—some of the leading risk factors for heart disease…

—Murphy et al., 2018

Despite the high mortality rates associated with cardiovascular disorders, improved treatment options do exist that can help address those risk factors that afflict the majority of the population today.

As an advanced practice nurse, it is your responsibility to recommend appropriate treatment options for patients with cardiovascular disorders. To ensure the safety and effectiveness of drug therapy, advanced practice nurses must consider aspects that might influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes such as medical history, other drugs currently prescribed, and individual patient factors.

Reference: Murphy, S. L., Xu, J., Kochanek, K. D., & Arias, E. (2018). Mortality in the United States, 2017. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db328.htm

To Prepare

  • Review the Resources for this module and consider the impact of potential pharmacotherapeutics for cardiovascular disorders introduced in the media piece.
  • Review the case study assigned by your Instructor for this Assignment.
  • Select one the following factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior factors.
  • Reflect on how the factor you selected might influence the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.
  • Consider how changes in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy.
  • Think about how you might improve the patient’s drug therapy plan based on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes. Reflect on whether you would modify the current drug treatment or provide an alternative treatment option for the patient.

By Day 7 of Week 2

Write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following:

  • Explain how the factor you selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient from the case study you were assigned.
  • Describe how changes in the processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy. Be specific and provide examples.
  • Explain how you might improve the patient’s drug therapy plan and explain why you would make these recommended improvements.

Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The College of Nursing Writing Template with Instructions provided at the Walden Writing Center offers an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates/general#s-lg-box-20293632). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

  • Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK2Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
  • Click the Week 2 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
  • Click the Week 2 Assignment  You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
  • Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer Find the document you saved as “WK2Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
  • If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
  • Click on the Submitbutton to complete your submission.

Submit Your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 2

Get The Best Nursing Paper Writing Service and Unlock Your Academic Success

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NURS 6521 Ethical and Legal Implications of Prescribing Drugs Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Ethical and Legal Implications of Prescribing Drugs AssignmentNURS 6521 Ethical and Legal Implications of Prescribing Drugs Assignment

NURS 6521 Ethical and Legal Implications of Prescribing Drugs Assignment Brief

Course: NURS 6521 – Advanced Pharmacology

Assignment Title: NURS 6521 Ethical and Legal Implications of Prescribing Drugs Assignment

Assignment Instructions Overview

This assignment involves a comprehensive examination of the ethical and legal implications associated with prescribing drugs. Advanced practice nurses (APNs) must evaluate various factors when prescribing medications, including the patient’s diagnosis, appropriate drug choice, dosage, administration frequency, contraindications, and potential complications. The assignment aims to ensure that APNs are well-versed in the professional, legal, and ethical standards that govern their prescriptive authority and understand how state-specific regulations might influence their prescribing practices.

Understanding Assignment Objectives

The primary objective of this assignment is to develop an in-depth understanding of the ethical and legal responsibilities of APNs when prescribing medications. Students will explore scenarios that highlight potential medication errors and analyze their implications on all stakeholders involved, such as the prescriber, pharmacist, patient, and the patient’s family. The assignment encourages students to think critically about the principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice, and how these ethical principles should guide their decision-making process.

The Student’s Role

As an advanced practice nurse, students are responsible for making informed and ethically sound decisions in their prescribing practices. This role involves being accountable for patient safety and well-being, maintaining professional integrity, and adhering to both legal standards and ethical guidelines. Students are expected to conduct thorough research on state-specific laws and standards related to prescribing prescription drugs and addressing medication errors. They should be prepared to communicate openly with patients and their families, especially in instances of medication errors, and implement strategies to prevent such errors from recurring.

Competencies Measured

This assignment measures several key competencies essential for advanced practice nursing, including:

  • Ethical Decision-Making: The ability to apply ethical principles to real-world scenarios and make decisions that prioritize patient safety and autonomy.
  • Legal Knowledge: Understanding the legal requirements and regulations related to prescribing medications in different states, and how to comply with these laws.
  • Clinical Judgment: Assessing patient-specific factors that might influence drug efficacy and safety, and making appropriate clinical decisions based on this assessment.
  • Communication Skills: Effectively communicating with patients, families, and other healthcare professionals, particularly regarding the disclosure of medication errors.
  • Risk Management: Implementing strategies to minimize the risk of medication errors and ensuring a culture of safety within the healthcare setting.

You Can Also Check Other Related Assessments for the NURS 6521 – Advanced Pharmacology Course:

NURS 6521 Discussion Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Asthma and Stepwise Management Assignment Presentation Example

NURS 6521 Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Diabetes and Drug Treatments Discussion Paper Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Decision Making When Treating Psychological Disorders Discussion Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Off-Label Drug Use in Pediatrics Assignment Example

NURS 6521 Ethical and Legal Implications of Prescribing Drugs Assignment Example

Introduction

Advanced practice nurses (APNs) with prescriptive authority bear the significant responsibility of ensuring patient safety and adherence to legal and ethical standards. The process of prescribing drugs involves considering the patient’s diagnosis, the appropriate medication, dosage, administration frequency, contraindications, and potential complications. Furthermore, state regulations and ethical principles guide APNs in their practice. This paper examines the ethical and legal implications of a medication error scenario, explores strategies for addressing disclosure and nondisclosure, and outlines approaches to minimize such errors.

Ethical and Legal Implications: Scenario Analysis

A common scenario involves an APN who mistakenly prescribes an incorrect dosage of a medication to a patient, leading to adverse effects. This situation impacts multiple stakeholders. The prescriber may face malpractice claims and licensure consequences. Ethically, the prescriber is obligated to rectify the error and prevent further harm. The pharmacist is responsible for verifying prescriptions and may share liability if the error is not caught. The patient suffers direct health impacts, while the family deals with emotional and financial burdens. Ethically, they deserve transparency and honesty about the error. The healthcare institution may face reputational damage and financial liabilities. There is also an ethical obligation to support a culture of safety and accountability.

Each state has specific regulations governing the practice of APNs. For instance, in California, APNs must adhere to the guidelines set by the California Board of Registered Nursing, which includes mandatory reporting of medication errors and following specific protocols for prescribing and documentation (California Board of Registered Nursing, 2021). Failure to comply can result in disciplinary action and legal consequences.

Strategies for Disclosure and Nondisclosure

Disclosing medication errors to the patient and their family is ethically imperative. It aligns with the principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence, ensuring that patients are fully informed about their treatment and any associated risks. Employing a compassionate and supportive approach when communicating errors helps maintain trust and facilitates a constructive dialogue about corrective measures.

Nondisclosure can lead to legal repercussions, including malpractice lawsuits and loss of licensure. It also undermines patient trust and violates ethical principles. From an ethical standpoint, nondisclosure conflicts with the principles of autonomy and justice, depriving patients of their right to make informed decisions about their care.

Strategies for Ethical and Legal Decision-Making

Implementing Ethical Guidelines

  • Adherence to Ethical Principles: APNs should follow ethical guidelines such as the American Nurses Association’s Code of Ethics, which emphasizes patient safety, honesty, and accountability (American Nurses Association, 2015).
  • Ongoing Education: Regular training on ethical decision-making and legal requirements can help APNs stay informed and prepared to handle complex situations.

Minimizing Medication Errors

  • Use of Technology: Implementing electronic health records (EHRs) and computerized physician order entry (CPOE) systems can reduce the risk of errors by providing accurate, up-to-date patient information and alerting prescribers to potential issues.
  • Collaborative Practice: Encouraging a team-based approach where APNs work closely with pharmacists, physicians, and other healthcare professionals can enhance the verification process and catch errors before they reach the patient.

Conclusion

APNs must navigate the complex landscape of legal and ethical considerations when prescribing drugs. Understanding state regulations, adhering to ethical principles, and employing strategies to minimize errors and ensure transparency enables APNs to uphold their professional responsibilities and protect patient safety. Regular education and the use of technology are crucial in fostering a safe and effective healthcare environment.

References

American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. Silver Spring, MD: American Nurses Publishing.

California Board of Registered Nursing. (2021). Laws and Regulations. Retrieved from California BRN.

Niemann, D., Bertsche, A., Meyrath, D., Koepf, E. D., Traiser, C., Seebald, K., & Bertsche, T. (2015). A prospective three-step intervention study to prevent medication errors in drug handling in pediatric care. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 24(1-2), 101-114.

Detailed Assessment Instructions for the NURS 6521 Ethical and Legal Implications of Prescribing Drugs Assignment

Assignment: Ethical and Legal Implications of Prescribing Drugs

What type of drug should you prescribe based on your patient’s diagnosis? How much of the drug should the patient receive? How often should the drug be administered? When should the drug not be prescribed? Are there individual patient factors that could create complications when taking the drug? Should you be prescribing drugs to this patient? How might different state regulations affect the prescribing of this drug to this patient?

These are some of the questions you might consider when selecting a treatment plan for a patient.

As an advanced practice nurse prescribing drugs, you are held accountable for people’s lives every day. Patients and their families will often place trust in you because of your position. With this trust comes power and responsibility, as well as an ethical and legal obligation to “do no harm.” It is important that you are aware of current professional, legal, and ethical standards for advanced practice nurses with prescriptive authority. Additionally, it is important to ensure that the treatment plans and administration/prescribing of drugs is in accordance with the regulations of the state in which you practice. Understanding how these regulations may affect the prescribing of certain drugs in different states may have a significant impact on your patient’s treatment plan. In this Assignment, you explore ethical and legal implications of scenarios and consider how to appropriately respond.

To Prepare

Review the Resources for this module and consider the legal and ethical implications of prescribing prescription drugs, disclosure, and nondisclosure.

  • Review the scenario assigned by your Instructor for this Assignment.
  • Search specific laws and standards for prescribing prescription drugs and for addressing medication errors for your state or region, and reflect on these as you review the scenario assigned by your Instructor.
  • Consider the ethical and legal implications of the scenario for all stakeholders involved, such as the prescriber, pharmacist, patient, and patient’s family.
  • Think about two strategies that you, as an advanced practice nurse, would use to guide your ethically and legally responsible decision-making in this scenario, including whether you would disclose any medication errors.

By Day 7 of Week 1

Write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following:

  • Explain the ethical and legal implications of the scenario you selected on all stakeholders involved, such as the prescriber, pharmacist, patient, and patient’s family.
  • Describe strategies to address disclosure and nondisclosure as identified in the scenario you selected. Be sure to reference laws specific to your state.
  • Explain two strategies that you, as an advanced practice nurse, would use to guide your decision making in this scenario, including whether you would disclose your error. Be sure to justify your explanation.
  • Explain the process of writing prescriptions, including strategies to minimize medication errors.

Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The College of Nursing Writing Template with Instructions provided at the Walden Writing Center offers an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates/general#s-lg-box-20293632). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

  • Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK1Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
  • Click the Week 1 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
  • Click the Week 1 Assignment  You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
  • Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer Find the document you saved as “WK1Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
  • If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
  • Click on the Submitbutton to complete your submission.

Submit Your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 1

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NURS 6501N Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Case Study Analysis Example

NURS 6501 Week 10 Assignment – Case study, STDs and Infertility AssignmentNURS 6501 Week 10 Assignment – Case study, STDs and Infertility Assignment

NURS 6501N Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Case Study Analysis Assignment Brief

Course: NURS 6501N – Advanced Pathophysiology

Assignment Title: NURS 6501 Week 10 Assignment – Case study, STDs and Infertility

Assignment Instructions Overview

The purpose of this assignment is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiological differences between women’s and men’s health, the implications of infections, and the various hematologic disorders. Through the analysis of a case study, students will explore these concepts, applying critical thinking to interpret symptoms and laboratory results. This analysis will help in forming accurate diagnoses and effective treatment plans, considering both biological and patient-specific variables.

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Understanding Assignment Objectives

This assignment aims to evaluate students’ understanding of the fundamental concepts of women’s and men’s health, common infections, and hematologic disorders. It focuses on analyzing the pathophysiological processes across different stages of life and how they are affected by gender, ethnicity, and other patient characteristics. The objective is to equip students with the knowledge necessary to communicate effectively with patients and to develop tailored treatment plans that address individual health needs.

The Student’s Role

Students are required to analyze a given case study, identify key symptoms, and interpret relevant laboratory results. The analysis should consider factors affecting fertility, reasons for elevated inflammatory markers in sexually transmitted infections and pelvic inflammatory disease, causes of prostatitis and systemic reactions, rationale behind splenectomy in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), and the various types of anemia. Students should demonstrate a thorough understanding of these concepts and provide evidence-based explanations to support their analyses.

Competencies Measured

This assignment measures the following competencies:

  • Pathophysiological Analysis: Ability to analyze and interpret the pathophysiological processes of health disorders.
  • Gender-Specific Health Issues: Understanding the differences in health disorders between men and women.
  • Infection and Inflammatory Response: Knowledge of the mechanisms behind infections and the body’s inflammatory responses.
  • Hematologic Disorders: Insight into the causes and implications of various hematologic disorders.
  • Patient-Specific Considerations: Ability to consider patient characteristics such as age, gender, and ethnicity in the diagnosis and treatment of health disorders.

You Can Also Check Other Related Assessments for the NURS 6501N – Advanced Pathophysiology Course:

NURS 6501N Week 1 Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes Assignment Example

NURS 6501N Week 2 Altered Physiology Assignment: Case Study Analysis Example

NURS 6501N Week 4 Case Study Analysis Assignment Example

NURS 6501N Week 5: Knowledge Check Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6501N Week 8: Concepts of Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Case Study Analysis Assignment Example

NURS 6501N Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Case Study Analysis Example

NURS 6501N Module 7 Assignment: Week 10: Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Case Study Analysis

Introduction

The presented case study involves a 32-year-old female who exhibits symptoms suggestive of a severe infection, possibly pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). The analysis will explore factors affecting fertility related to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), the rise of inflammatory markers in STD/PID, the etiology of prostatitis and infection, the rationale for splenectomy in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), and the various forms of anemia.

Factors Affecting Fertility (STDs)

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are significant contributors to infertility in women. Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most common STDs associated with infertility. These infections can ascend from the lower genital tract to the upper genital tract, causing PID. PID can result in inflammation and scarring of the fallopian tubes, leading to tubal factor infertility. Studies indicate that 10-15% of women with untreated chlamydia will develop PID, which in turn can lead to chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility (Tsevat et al., 2017).

Inflammatory Markers in STD/PID

Inflammatory markers such as white blood cell (WBC) count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) are elevated in PID due to the body’s immune response to infection. The presence of pathogens in the reproductive tract triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to increased production of these markers. Elevated WBC indicates an active infection, ESR reflects the rate of red blood cell sedimentation influenced by fibrinogen and other acute-phase reactants, and CRP is a marker of acute inflammation produced by the liver in response to cytokines (McCance & Huether, 2019).

Prostatitis and Infection: Causes and Systemic Reaction

Prostatitis often results from bacterial infection, including Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative bacteria. The infection can ascend from the urethra or the bladder to the prostate gland. Systemic reactions occur as the body’s immune system responds to the infection, releasing inflammatory mediators that cause fever, chills, and other systemic symptoms. Prostatitis may also result in localized pain, urinary symptoms, and sometimes sepsis if the infection spreads (Krivan et al., 2017).

Splenectomy in ITP

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is characterized by immune-mediated destruction of platelets, primarily occurring in the spleen. Splenectomy, the surgical removal of the spleen, is considered when other treatments fail. The spleen is a major site of platelet destruction and antibody production against platelets. Removing the spleen reduces platelet destruction, thereby increasing platelet counts and reducing the risk of bleeding complications (Chaturvedi, Arnold, & McCrae, 2018).

Anemia and Its Types

Anemia is defined by a reduction in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin concentration. It is classified into three main types: microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemia. Microcytic anemia, characterized by small RBCs, often results from iron deficiency or thalassemia. Patients exhibit symptoms such as pallor, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Normocytic anemia involves normal-sized RBCs that are fewer in number, typically resulting from chronic disease or acute blood loss. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and pallor. Macrocytic anemia, characterized by larger than normal RBCs, usually results from vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. Symptoms include glossitis, neurological disturbances, and fatigue (Weiss, Ganz, & Goodnough, 2019).

Conclusion

This case study highlights the importance of understanding the interplay between infections and reproductive health, the significance of inflammatory markers in diagnosing infections, the systemic implications of bacterial infections, and the rationale behind specific treatments for hematologic disorders. A comprehensive understanding of these factors aids in accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and improved patient outcomes.

References

Chaturvedi, S., Arnold, D. M., & McCrae, K. R. (2018). Splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenia: down but not out. Blood Journal, 131(11), 1172-1182.

Krivan, G., Jolles, S., Granados, E. L., Paolantonacci, P., Ouaja, R., Cissé, O. A., & Bernatowska, E. (2017). New insights in the use of immunoglobulins for the management of immune deficiency (PID) patients. American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 6(5), 76.

McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

Tsevat, D. G., Wiesenfeld, H. C., Parks, C., & Peipert, J. F. (2017). Sexually transmitted diseases and infertility. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 216(1), 1-9.

Weiss, G., Ganz, T., & Goodnough, L. T. (2019). Anemia of inflammation. Blood Journal, 133(1), 40-50.

Detailed Assessment Instructions for the NURS 6501N Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Case Study Analysis Assignment

Week 10: Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

Literature, cinema, and other cultural references have long examined differences between women and men. These observations extend well beyond obvious and even inconspicuous traits to include cultural, behavioral, and biological differences that can impact pathophysiological process and, ultimately, health.

Understanding these differences in traits and their impact on pathophysiology can better equip acute care nurses to communicate to patients of both sexes. Furthermore, APRNs who are able to communicate these differences can better guide care to patients, whatever their gender.

This week, you examine fundamental concepts of women’s and men’s health disorders. You also explore common infections and hematologic disorders, and you apply the key terms and concepts that help communicate the pathophysiological nature of these issues to patients.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

  • Analyze concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the life span
  • Analyze processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders
  • Identify racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning
  • Evaluate the impact of patient characteristics on disorders and altered physiology

Learning Resources

Required Readings

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

  • Chapter 24: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems (stop at Tests of reproductive function); Summary Review
  • Chapter 25: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System (stop at Organ prolapse); pp. 787–788 (start at Impaired fertility) (stop at Disorders of the female breast); Summary Review
  • Chapter 26: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System (stop at Hormone levels); Summary Review
  • Chapter 27: Sexually Transmitted Infections, including Summary Review
  • Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the Hematological System (stop at Clinical evaluation of the hematological system); Summary Review
  • Chapter 29: Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function, including Summary Review
  • Chapter 30: Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function, including Summary Review

Low, N. & Broutet N. J. (2017). Sexually transmitted infections – Research priorities for new challenges. PLoS Medicine, (12), e1002481

Kessler, C. M. (2019). Immune thrombocytopenic purpura [LK1] (ITP). Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202158-overview

Nagalia, S. (2019). Pernicious anemia[LK1] . Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204930-overview#a3

Stauder, R., Valent, P., & Theurl, I. [LK1] (2019). Anemia at older age: Etiologies, clinical implications and management. Blood Journal, 131(5). Retrieved from http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/131/5/505?sso-checked=true

Credit Line: Anemia at older age: Etiologies, clinical implications and management by Stauder, R., Valent, P., & Theurl, I., in Blood Journal, Vol. 131/Issue 5. Copyright 2019 by American Society of Hematology. Reprinted by permission of American Society of Hematology via the Copyright Clearance Center.

Document: NURS 6501 Final Exam Review (PDF document)

Note: Use this document to help you as you review for your Final Exam in Week 11.

Required Media

Module 7 Overview with Dr. Tara Harris

Dr. Tara Harris reviews the structure of Module 7 as well as the expectations for the module. Consider how you will manage your time as you review your media and Learning Resources throughout the module to prepare for your Knowledge Check and your Assignment. (3m)

Khan Academy. (2019a). Chronic disease vs iron deficiency anemia[LK1] . Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/hematologic-system-diseases-2/iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease/v/chronic-disease-vs-iron-deficiency-anemia

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 5 minutes.

Online Media from Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children

In addition to this week’s media, it is highly recommended that you access and view the resources included with the course text, Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Focus on the videos and animations in Chapters 24, 26, 28, and 30 that relate to the reproductive and hematological systems. Refer to the Learning Resources in Week 1 for registration instructions. If you have already registered, you may access the resources at https://evolve.elsevier.com/

Knowledge Check: Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

In this exercise, you will complete a 10- to 20-essay type question Knowledge Check to gauge your understanding of this module’s content.

Possible topics covered in this Knowledge Check include:

    • Sexually transmitted diseases
    • Prostate
    • Epididymitis
    • Factors that affect fertility
    • Reproductive health
    • Alterations and fertility
    • Anemia
    • ITP and TTP
    • DIC
    • Thrombocytopeni

Complete the Knowledge Check By Day 7 of Week 10

To complete this Knowledge Check:

Module 7 Knowledge Check

Module 7 Assignment: Case Study Analysis

An understanding of the factors surrounding women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders can be critically important to disease diagnosis and treatment in these areas. This importance is magnified by the fact that some diseases and disorders manifest differently based on the sex of the patient.

Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond the human systems involved. The impact of patient characteristics, as well as racial and ethnic variables, can also have an important impact..

An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in systems based on these characteristics is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs, this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.

To prepare:

By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

A 32-year-old female presents to the ED with a chief complaint of fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and vaginal discharge. She states these symptoms started about 3 days ago, but she thought she had the flu. She has begun to have LLQ pain and notes bilateral lower back pain. She denies dysuria, foul-smelling urine, or frequency. States she is married and has sexual intercourse with her husband. PMH negative.  Labs: CBC-WBC 18, Hgb 16, Hct 44, Plat 325, ­ Neuts & Lymphs, sed rate 46 mm/hr, C-reactive protein 67 mg/L CMP wnl  Vital signs T 103.2 F Pulse 120 Resp 22 and PaO2  99% on room air. Cardio-respiratory exam WNL with the exception of tachycardia but no murmurs, rubs, clicks, or gallops. Abdominal exam + for LLQ pain on deep palpation but no rebound or rigidity. Pelvic exam demonstrates copious foul-smelling green drainage with reddened cervix and + bilateral adenexal tenderness. + chandelier sign. Wet prep in ER + clue cells and gram stain in ER + gram negative diplococci.

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:

  • The factors that affect fertility (STDs).
  • Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID.
  • Why prostatitis and infection happens. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction.
  • Why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP.
  • Anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro and macrocytic).

Day 7 of Week 10

Submit your Case Study Analysis Assignment by Day 7 of Week 10

Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The sample paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

  • Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “M7Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
  • Click the Module 7 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
  • Click the Module 7  Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
  • Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “M7Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
  • If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
  • Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.

Grading Criteria

To access your rubric:

Module 7 Assignment Rubric

Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity

To check your Assignment draft for authenticity:

Submit your Module 7 Assignment draft and review the originality report.

Submit Your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 10

To participate in this Assignment:

Module 7 Assignment

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NURS 6501N Concepts of Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Case Study Analysis Example

NURS 6501N Week 8: Concepts of Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Case Study Analysis AssignmentNURS 6501N Week 8: Concepts of Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Case Study Analysis Assignment

NURS 6501N Concepts of Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Case Study Analysis Assignment Brief

Course: NURS 6501N – Advanced Pathophysiology

Assignment Title: NURS 6501N Week 8: Concepts of Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Case Study Analysis Assignment

Assignment Instructions Overview

This assignment focuses on analyzing a case study related to neurological and musculoskeletal disorders, exploring their pathophysiologic processes and the impact of racial/ethnic variables on physiological functioning. Students will investigate how these systems interact to affect patient health.

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Understanding Assignment Objectives

Students are tasked with:

  • Analyzing pathophysiologic processes related to neurological and musculoskeletal disorders.
  • Identifying racial/ethnic variables that may influence physiological functioning.
  • Evaluating the interaction between neurological and musculoskeletal processes in impacting patient health.

The Student’s Role

As a student, your role is to critically analyze the presented case study, applying knowledge of neurological and musculoskeletal disorders acquired through course readings and media resources. You will demonstrate understanding of disease mechanisms and their implications for patient care.

Competencies Measured

This assignment assesses competencies in:

  • Analytical thinking: Ability to dissect complex symptoms and relate them to underlying disease processes.
  • Cultural competence: Understanding the role of racial and ethnic factors in disease manifestation and management.
  • Communication: Effectively conveying diagnostic considerations and treatment implications based on identified pathophysiological mechanisms.

You Can Also Check Other Related Assessments for the NURS 6501N – Advanced Pathophysiology Course:

NURS 6501N Week 1 Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes Assignment Example

NURS 6501N Week 2 Altered Physiology Assignment: Case Study Analysis Example

NURS 6501N Week 4 Case Study Analysis Assignment Example

NURS 6501N Week 5: Knowledge Check Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Assignment Example

NURS 6501 Week 10 Assignment – Case study, STDs and Infertility Assignment Example

NURS 6501N Concepts of Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Case Study Analysis Example

NURS 6501N Week 8 Case Study Analysis Assignment: Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders

Introduction

This case study analysis explores the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes in a 67-year-old man diagnosed with Parkinson’s Disease (PD). It examines the racial and ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and how these processes interact to affect the patient.

Neurological and Musculoskeletal Pathophysiologic Processes

Parkinson’s Disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain. Dopamine is essential for smooth, coordinated muscle movements. As dopamine levels decline, patients experience tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability (DeMaagd & Philip, 2015).

In the presented case, the patient’s symptoms, such as tremors in the arms and legs, “pill-rolling” movement, rigidity, and shuffling gait, are classic manifestations of PD. The mask-like facial expression and cogwheel rigidity observed during the physical exam further support this diagnosis. The musculoskeletal symptoms stem from the neurological deficits, leading to muscle stiffness and difficulty in initiating movements (DeMaagd & Philip, 2015).

Racial and Ethnic Variables Impacting Physiological Functioning

The prevalence and progression of Parkinson’s Disease can vary among different racial and ethnic groups due to genetic, environmental, and socio-cultural factors. Research indicates that African Americans and Asians have a lower prevalence of PD compared to Caucasians. This discrepancy may be attributed to genetic variations, differences in environmental exposures, and potential disparities in access to healthcare and diagnostic services (Sauerbier et al., 2018; Dahodwala et al., 2009).

Socio-cultural factors can influence the patient’s awareness and understanding of PD, potentially delaying diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, dietary habits, levels of physical activity, and exposure to neurotoxins can vary between ethnic groups, potentially impacting disease onset and progression (Sauerbier et al., 2018).

Interaction of Processes to Affect the Patient

The neurological and musculoskeletal processes in Parkinson’s Disease are interrelated. The degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons leads to motor symptoms, such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. These motor deficits result in secondary musculoskeletal complications, including muscle stiffness, joint pain, and postural abnormalities (DeMaagd & Philip, 2015).

Racial and ethnic factors can exacerbate these issues by influencing the patient’s overall health, access to healthcare, and lifestyle. For example, if the patient belongs to an ethnic group with limited access to healthcare resources, he may experience delays in diagnosis and treatment, worsening his symptoms. Additionally, socio-cultural differences in diet and physical activity can impact the severity of musculoskeletal symptoms and overall disease progression (Sauerbier et al., 2018).

Conclusion

Parkinson’s Disease involves complex interactions between neurological and musculoskeletal systems, significantly impacting patients’ quality of life. Racial and ethnic variables can influence disease prevalence, progression, and patient outcomes. Understanding these factors is crucial for providing comprehensive care and developing effective treatment plans for individuals with Parkinson’s Disease.

References

Dahodwala, N., Siderowf, A., Xie, M., Noll, E., Stern, M., & Mandell, D. (2009). Racial differences in the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 24(8), 1200-1205. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22557

DeMaagd, G., & Philip, A. (2015). Parkinson’s disease and Its Management: Part 1: Disease Entity, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnosis. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 40(8), 504-532. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4517533/

Sauerbier, A., Aris, A., Lim, E., Bhattacharya, K., & Chaudhuri, K. (2018). Impact of ethnicity on the natural history of Parkinson disease. Medical Journal of Australia, 208(9), 410-414. Retrieved from https://www.mja.com.au/system/files/issues/208_09/10.5694mja17.01074.pdf

Detailed Assessment Instructions for the NURS 6501N Concepts of Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Case Study Analysis Assignment

Week 8: Concepts of Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders – Part 2

As homeowners know all too well, there is a continuous need for maintenance and repair. Some efforts are precautionary in nature, while others are the result of issues that surface over time.

Similarly, musculoskeletal disorders can develop over time. For some disorders, such as osteoporosis, precautionary treatments are a potential option. But much like issues that surface in a home over time, many musculoskeletal issues can be very serious concerns, and they can have a significant impact on patients’ lives.

This week, you continue to examine fundamental concepts of neurological and musculoskeletal disorders. You explore common disorders that impact these systems and you apply the key terms and concepts that help communicate the pathophysiological nature of these issues to patients.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

  • Analyze processes related to neurological and musculoskeletal disorders
  • Identify racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning
  • Evaluate the impact of patient characteristics on disorders and altered physiology

Learning Resources

Note: The below resources were first presented in Week 7. If you have previously reviewed them, you are encouraged to read or view them again here.

Required Readings

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

  • Chapter 15: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems (stop at Aging and the nervous system)
  • Chapter 16: Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function (stop at Sleep); Summary Review
  • o   Chapter 17: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function; pp. 504–511, pp. 516–530 (start at Acute confusional states and delirium) (stop at Alterations in neuromotor functions); (Parkinson’s Disease); Summary Review
  • Chapter 18: Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction (stop at Degenerative disorders of the spine); (start at Cerebrovascular disorders) (stop at Tumors of the central nervous system); Summary Review
  • Chapter 44: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System (stop at Components of muscle function); Summary Review
  • Chapter 45: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function (stop at Bone tumors); (start at Disorders of joints); Summary Review

Chin, L. S. (2018). Spinal cord injuries. Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/793582-overview#a4

Required Media

Khan Academy. (2019b). Ischemic stroke. Retrieved from ttps://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/stroke/v/ischemic-stroke

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 8 minutes.

Osmosis.org. (2019, June 12). Osteoporosis – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUQ_tt_zJDo

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 9 minutes.

Online Media from Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children

In addition to this week’s media, it is highly recommended that you access and view the resources included with the course text, Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Focus on the videos and animations in Chapters 15, 16, 18, and the sections of Chapters 44 and 45 that relate to the neurological and musculoskeletal systems. Refer to the Learning Resources in Week 1 for registration instructions. If you have already registered, you may access the resources at https://evolve.elsevier.com/

Module 5 Assignment: Case Study Analysis

An understanding of the neurological and musculoskeletal systems is a critically important component of disease and disorder diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the impact that that these two systems can have on each other. A variety of factors and circumstances affecting the emergence and severity of issues in one system can also have a role in the performance of the other.

Effective analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond these systems and their mutual impact. For example, patient characteristics such as, racial and ethnic variables can play a role.

An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in neurological and musculoskeletal systems is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment. For APRNs this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.

To prepare:

By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:

  • Both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms.
  • Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
  • How these processes interact to affect the patient.

Week 8 Case Study:

A 67-year-old man presents to the HCP with a chief complaint of tremors in his arms. He also has noticed some tremors in his leg as well. The patient is accompanied by his son, who says that his father has become “stiff” and it takes him much longer to perform simple tasks. The son also relates that his father needs help rising from his chair. Physical exam demonstrates tremors in the hands at rest and fingers exhibit “pill-rolling” movement. The patient’s face is not mobile and exhibits a mask-like appearance. His gait is uneven, and he shuffles when he walks and his head/neck, hips, and knees are flexed forward. He exhibits jerky or cogwheeling movement. The patient states that he has episodes of extreme sweating and flushing not associated with the activity. Laboratory data unremarkable and the HCP has diagnosed the patient with Parkinson’s Disease.

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:

  • Both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms.
  • Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
  • How these processes interact to affect the patient.

Day 7 of Week 8

Submit your Case Study Analysis Assignment by Day 7 of Week 8.

Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The sample paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

  • Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “M5Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
  • Click the Module 5 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
  • Click the Module 5 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
  • Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “M5Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
  • If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
  • Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.

Grading Criteria

To access your rubric:

Module 5 Assignment Rubric

Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity

To check your Assignment draft for authenticity:

Submit your Module 5 Assignment draft and review the originality report.

Submit Your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 8

To participate in this Assignment:

Module 5 Assignment

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NURS 6501N Knowledge Check Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Paper Example

NURS 6501N Week 5: Knowledge Check Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders AssignmentNURS 6501N Week 5: Knowledge Check Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Assignment

NURS 6501N Knowledge Check Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Paper Assignment Brief

Course: NURS 6501N – Advanced Pathophysiology

Assignment Title: NURS 6501N Week 5: Knowledge Check Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Assignment

Assignment Instructions Overview

This assignment focuses on understanding the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal (GI) and hepatobiliary disorders. Students will explore various common disorders within these categories, analyzing their causes, symptoms, and impacts on patients. The aim is to apply key terms and concepts to communicate effectively about these conditions.

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Understanding Assignment Objectives

The primary objective is to enhance students’ comprehension of the pathophysiological processes underlying GI and hepatobiliary disorders across the lifespan. This involves examining the structure and function of relevant systems and understanding how alterations can lead to disease.

The Student’s Role

Students are expected to actively engage with the provided resources, including textbook chapters, academic articles, and multimedia content. They should critically analyze the material, apply theoretical concepts to practical scenarios, and demonstrate their knowledge through a series of essay-type questions in the Knowledge Check.

Competencies Measured

This assignment measures students’ abilities to:

  • Analyze and explain the pathophysiology of GI and hepatobiliary disorders.
  • Apply theoretical knowledge to real-world clinical situations.
  • Communicate complex medical concepts in a clear and concise manner.
  • Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of how these disorders impact patients’ lives.

You Can Also Check Other Related Assessments for the NURS 6501N – Advanced Pathophysiology Course:

NURS 6501N Week 1 Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes Assignment Example

NURS 6501N Week 2 Altered Physiology Assignment: Case Study Analysis Example

NURS 6501N Week 4 Case Study Analysis Assignment Example

NURS 6501N Week 8: Concepts of Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders Case Study Analysis Assignment Example

NURS 6501 Week 10 Assignment – Case study, STDs and Infertility Assignment Example

NURS 6501N Knowledge Check Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Paper Example

Scenario 1: Peptic Ulcer Disease

Question 1:

The patient has been using ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), which is a significant cause of peptic ulcers. Additionally, smoking tobacco, consuming excessive caffeine, drinking alcohol, and psychological stress are contributing factors.

Question 2:

Ibuprofen contributes to peptic ulcer development by inhibiting the stomach’s ability to protect itself from gastric acid, reducing prostaglandin production, which normally protects the stomach lining. Smoking damages the gastroduodenal mucosa, increasing the risk of PUD. Ethanol in alcohol irritates the gastric lining, and caffeine increases acid production, all contributing to ulcer formation (Lanas & Chan, 2019).

Scenario 2: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

GERD is caused by frequent acid reflux, where stomach acids backwash into the esophagus, causing burning pain. Smoking exacerbates this by relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter, while alcohol and coffee increase acid production. Obesity and connective tissue disorders are additional risk factors (Clarrett & Hachem, 2018).

Scenario 3: Upper GI Bleed

Upper GI bleeding occurs in the esophagus, stomach, or the beginning of the small intestine. It ranges from life-threatening to minor, detectable by stool tests. Common causes include peptic ulcers, esophageal varices (common in liver disease patients), and esophagitis (Steele, 2020).

Scenario 4: Diverticulitis

Diverticulitis results from the pressure build-up in the colon due to insufficient fiber in the diet, leading to constipation. Repeated pressure and straining cause diverticulosis, where small pouches (diverticula) form in the colon. These pouches can become inflamed or infected, resulting in diverticulitis (Young-Fadok, 2018).

Scenario 5: Portal Hypertension

Portal hypertension, often associated with cirrhosis from excessive alcohol consumption, occurs when blood flow through the liver is obstructed, causing increased pressure in the portal vein. This leads to complications like varices and ascites (Arab, Barrera & Arrese, 2017).

Part 2: Ascites

Ascites, the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, is caused by portal hypertension. High pressure in the portal veins leads to leakage of protein-rich fluid from the liver and intestines into the abdomen (Arab, Barrera & Arrese, 2017).

Scenario 6: Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE)

Hepatic encephalopathy is a decline in brain function due to severe liver disease. Cirrhosis impairs the liver’s ability to remove toxins from the blood, leading to their accumulation in the brain, causing confusion, disorientation, and flapping tremors (Ferenci, 2017).

Scenario 7: Sudden Onset of Abdominal Pain

Sudden abdominal pain may indicate gastrointestinal ulcers, which can cause internal bleeding, affecting blood pressure and heart function. Untreated ulcers can lead to severe complications like heart attacks (Steele, 2020).

Scenario 8: Acute Cholecystitis

Question 1:

Gallstones are hard deposits of bile that form in the gallbladder due to excessive cholesterol, bilirubin, or inadequate bile salts. These stones can block the bile ducts, causing the gallbladder to enlarge and bile ducts to dilate (Ibrahim et al., 2018).

Question 2:

Jaundice occurs when excess bilirubin accumulates in the body due to the liver’s inability to filter it from the blood, often because of blocked bile ducts or liver dysfunction, leading to yellowing of the skin and eyes.

Scenario 9: Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis develops when digestive enzymes activate within the pancreas, causing inflammation. Chronic alcohol consumption is a major risk factor, as ethanol metabolism produces harmful byproducts that damage pancreatic cells, leading to chronic inflammation (Kleeff et al., 2017).

Scenario 10: Hepatitis B

Symptoms of Hepatitis B, such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dark urine, along with a history of risky behaviors like unprotected sex and needle sharing, indicate a Hepatitis B infection (Terrault et al., 2018).

Scenario 11: Ulcerative Colitis (UC)

Ulcerative colitis is an immune-mediated condition where the body’s immune system attacks the cells of the digestive tract, causing inflammation and ulcers in the colon and rectum (Xu et al., 2019).

Scenario 12: Acute Kidney Injury

The patient is suffering from postrenal acute kidney injury due to nephropathy obstruction, leading to restricted urine flow. This type of AKI is associated with symptoms like lower extremity swelling and can result from congenital defects or other blockages (Mehran, Dangas & Weisbrod, 2019).

Scenario 13: Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

The APRN should explain the components of GFR, which estimates blood flow through the glomeruli. Understanding normal GFR and factors affecting it helps in diagnosing renal function disorders (Bersie et al., 2020).

Scenario 14: Autoregulation

Autoregulation involves the body’s ability to maintain stable blood flow despite changes in blood pressure. The APRN should explain the relationship between blood flow, pressure, and how the body adjusts to maintain homeostasis (Wang, Ortega-Gutierrez & Peterson, 2018).

Scenario 15: Hormonal Regulation

The APRN should discuss hormonal regulation, focusing on the feedback mechanisms and the role of the thyroid system in maintaining homeostasis. Understanding how organs produce and regulate hormones is crucial (Bersie et al., 2020).

Scenario 16: Pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis is kidney inflammation due to bacterial infection, often caused by urinary tract obstruction, which allows bacteria to multiply and spread to the kidneys (Johnson & Russo, 2018).

Scenario 17: Chronic Renal Failure

Chronic renal failure is primarily caused by diabetes and hypertension. High blood sugar and pressure damage kidney blood vessels, impairing function and leading to kidney failure over time (Mehran, Dangas & Weisbrod, 2019).

References

Arab, J. P., Barrera, F., & Arrese, M. (2017). Bile acids and portal hypertension. Annals of Hepatology, 16, S83-S86.

Bersie Larson, L. M., Gyoneva, L., Goodman, D. J., Dorfman, K. D., Segal, Y., & Barocas, V. H. (2020). Glomerular filtration and podocyte tensional homeostasis: Importance of the minor type IV collagen network. Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology.

Clarrett, D. M., & Hachem, C. (2018). Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Missouri Medicine, 115(3), 214.

Ferenci, P. (2017). Hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology Report, 5(2), 138-147.

Ibrahim, M., Sarvepalli, S., Morris-Stiff, G., Rizk, M., Bhatt, A., Walsh, R. M., … & Burke, C. A. (2018). Gallstones: Watch and wait or intervene. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 85(4), 323-331.

Johnson, J. R., & Russo, T. A. (2018). Acute pyelonephritis in adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(1), 48-59.

Kleeff, J., Whitcomb, D. C., Shimosegawa, T., Esposito, I., Lerch, M. M., Gress, T., … & Muñoz, J. E. D. (2017). Chronic pancreatitis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3(1), 1-18.

Lanas, A., & Chan, F. K. (2019). Peptic ulcer disease. The Lancet, 390(10094), 613-624.

Mehran, R., Dangas, G. D., & Weisbord, S. D. (2019). Contrast-associated acute kidney injury. New England Journal of Medicine, 380(22), 2146-2155.

Steele, C. (2020). Upper GI bleed. In Resources for Optimal Care of Emergency Surgery (pp. 137-137). Springer, Cham.

Terrault, N. A., Lok, A. S., McMahon, B. J., Chang, K. M., Hwang, J. P., Jonas, M. M., … & Wong, J. B. (2018). Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology, 67(4), 1560-1599.

Wang, A., Ortega-Gutierrez, S., & Petersen, N. H. (2018). Autoregulation in the Neuro ICU. Current Treatment Options in Neurology, 20(6), 20.

Xu, X., Yang, W., Liang, Q., Shi, Y., Zhang, W., Wang, X., … & Yin, L. (2019). Efficient and targeted drug/siRNA co-delivery mediated by reversibly crosslinked polymersomes toward the anti-inflammatory treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). Nano Research, 12(3), 659-667.

Young-Fadok, T. M. (2018). Diverticulitis. New England Journal of Medicine, 379(17), 1635-1642.

Detailed Assessment Instructions for the NURS 6501N Knowledge Check Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders Assignment

Week 5: Concepts of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders

Patients of gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary disorders often face life-altering changes, including changes to diet, new treatment regimens, and more. For some disorders, treatments can include surgery.

Gastrointestinal conditions, such as ulcers, diverticulitis, and pancreatitis, often cause varying levels of pain and discomfort. Hepatobiliary conditions can also bring significant changes to patient routines and well-being.

This week, you examine fundamental concepts of gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary disorders. You explore common disorders in these categories, and you apply the key terms and concepts that help communicate the pathophysiological nature of these issues to patients.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

  • Analyze concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the life span

Learning Resources

Required Readings

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

  • Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urological Systems including Summary Review
  • Chapter 39: Alteration of Renal and Urinary Function (stop at Fluids and electrolytes); Summary Review
  • Chapter 41: Structure and Function of the Digestive System (stop at Tests of digestive function); Summary Review
  • Chapter 42: Alterations of Digestive Function (stop at Cancer of the digestive track); Summary Review

Osna, N. A., Donohue, T. M., Jr., & Kharbanda, K. K. (2017). Alcoholic liver disease: Pathogenesis and current management. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 38(2), 7–21

Document: NURS 6501 Midterm Exam Review (PDF document)

Note: Use this document to help you as you review for your Midterm Exam in Week 6.

Required Media

Module 3 Overview with Dr. Tara Harris

Dr. Tara Harris reviews the structure of Module 3 as well as the expectations for the module. Consider how you will manage your time as you review your media and Learning Resources throughout the module to prepare for your Knowledge Check. (2m)

Liver Function Tests

MedCram. (2013, April 14). Liver function tests LFTs explained clearly by MedCram.com [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFdTgty0T0I

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 11 minutes.

Liver Diseases

MedCram. (2019, May 15). Diagnosis of key liver diseases: Hepatitis A, B C vs. alcoholic vs. ischemic (AST vs ALT labs) [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZRHA2JvCGA

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 13 minutes.

Liver Pathophysiology

MedCram. (2013, April 9). Liver explained clearly: Pathophysiology, LFTs, hepatic diseases  [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTGkB8nOu7g

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 14 minutes.

Online Media from Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children

In addition to this week’s media, it is highly recommended that you access and view the resources included with the course text, Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Focus on the videos and animations in Chapters 41 and 42 that relate to the hepatobiliary system. Refer to the Learning Resources in Week 1 for registration instructions. If you have already registered, you may access the resources at https://evolve.elsevier.com/

Knowledge Check: Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders

In this exercise, you will complete a 10- to 20-essay type question Knowledge Check to gauge your understanding of this module’s content.

Possible topics covered in this Knowledge Check include:

    • Ulcers
    • Hepatitis markers
    • After HP shots
    • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
    • Pancreatitis
    • Liver failure—acute and chronic
    • Gall bladder disease
    • Inflammatory bowel disease
    • Diverticulitis
    • Jaundice
    • Bilirubin
    • Gastrointestinal bleed – upper and lower
    • Hepatic encephalopathy
    • Intra-abdominal infections (e.g., appendicitis)
    • Renal blood flow
    • Glomerular filtration rate
    • Kidney stones
    • Infections – urinary tract infections, pyelonephritis
    • Acute kidney injury
    • Renal failure – acute and chronic

Complete the Knowledge Check By Day 7 of Week 5

To complete this Knowledge Check:

Module 3 Knowledge Check

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