How to Write a Good Argumentative Essay: Full Guide

How to Write a Good Argumentative Essay Full GuideAn argumentative essay is a form of essay in which the author makes an argument about any subject using evidence and proof. It is a component of an academic writing assignment, so you cannot avoid writing one if you are a student.

Are you stumped as to how to develop an outline for an argumentative essay? We’re here to assist you! Check read this blog post to get critical advice on how to effectively write an argumentative essay according to the argumentative essay format.

To demonstrate your writing abilities to your instructor, you must be well-versed in the art of argumentative essay writing. From topic selection to drafting an error-free draft, the essay writing procedure entails numerous processes. The quality of your essay is mainly dependent on the topic you choose and how well you plan and structure it.

A strong argumentative essay should, in general,

  • Engage your readers by providing them with an intriguing topic.
  • Consider all sides of an issue fairly.
  • Construct counter-arguments from the writer’s standpoint.
  • Convince the reader to embrace a new point of view.

Keeping these factors in mind, you should compose a great argumentative essay that includes a solid thesis statement and logical supporting points. Most essential, you should back up your logical arguments with appropriate proof or instances.

You can also read more Examples of Argumentative Essays provided by our company.

How to write an argumentative essay?

Following the steps outlined below as a part of your argumentative essay writing process will help you to write an outline for your argumentative essay before you begin writing it.

  1. Decide on an engaging argumentative essay topic that is broad enough to allow for the development of a compelling argument.
  2. Investigate the subject and compile the most important elements for debate.
  3. Prepare an outline for your argumentative essay and compose it.
  4. Proofread and revise your work.

Steps for Writing a Good Argumentative Essay

To produce a persuasive argumentative essay, you should first develop a solid outline for your essay topic. The most critical step is to create an outline for your essay, which should be given the utmost care.

So, what is an outline for an argumentative essay? It is a strategy for working with and organizing raw data. Simply put, the plan establishes a course of action for your essays and research papers. Outlines for argumentative essays are comparable to those for other types of essays, such as persuasive essays, comparative essays, and informative essays.

If you create an argumentative essay outline in advance, you can simply cover all of the critical parts of the issue when composing the essay’s content. In general, a normal argumentative essay outline should include the three sections listed below.

  • Introduction
  • Body Paragraphs
  • Conclusion

One of the most important criteria of the essay plan is the development of material for these sections. Learn how to write an argumentative essay outline using the five-paragraph structure in this section of the tutorial!

Introduction to an Argumentative Essay

When your readers begin reading your essay, the first thing they will notice is the beginning section of your essay. Provide background information about your issue in this area to help your readers become more knowledgeable about your subject matter.

If the start is too direct, most people will not read the rest of the essay. As a result, you should produce an engaging beginning that will keep the attention of your readers for more than one paragraph.

When writing an argumentative essay, how can you compose an effective introduction? In order to hold your readers’ attention throughout your essay, you should keep the following suggestions in mind when writing your introduction.

Begin with a hook

Beginning with a hook sentence will help you write the start of your argumentative essay. Your audience will only be able to engage with your essay and remain focused on it if you begin the essay with a compelling hook.

Keep in mind that you should not use the entire introduction paragraph as a hook. It is sufficient to have a single intriguing hook sentence. More than likely, you will begin the essay with an anecdote, an interesting fact, data, a provocative opinion, or a humorous story to draw the reader’s attention.

When selecting a hook for your essay, take into consideration the topic of your article as well as your intended audience. Always begin your paragraph with a hook sentence to draw the reader’s attention.

Describe your point of view

After you have introduced your essay with a hook line, you should gradually shift your focus and explain the significance of your essay topic to your audience in the introduction paragraph, drawing on your own personal experience and knowledge. In addition, you should clarify your prior knowledge of the subject matter.

Make sure you don’t overload your reader’s brain with too much information. In a couple of sentences, tell your readers what topic you are going to explore in your essay. Be particular and clear in your communication.

Write the thesis statement

A thesis statement serves as the central argument of a research paper or essay. At the conclusion of the introduction paragraph, you should have a compelling thesis statement that is supported by at least one piece of supporting evidence.

If you want to write an essay, your thesis statement should clarify the objective of your essay as well as the essential elements of your essay topic. Each of your essay’s body paragraphs will be devoted entirely to supporting your thesis statement. As a result, make sure to present a compelling thesis statement that is pertinent to your topic.

After you have written an engaging introductory paragraph that includes a strong thesis statement, you should turn your attention to writing the body paragraphs.

Examples of the Introduction to an Argumentative Essay

  • Most students these days get out of bed, quickly read through their phones, get dressed, and race out to school or college without having eaten anything for the previous few hours. Many students, in fact, believe that breakfast is not necessary to get their day started on the right foot. It has been proven in studies that breakfast is the most important meal of the day, especially for students.
  • Employees of the government are typically denied the right to freedom of expression in practically every country in the world. Their ability to function well at work is diminished due to a lack of freedom of speech. The fact that they have the right to strike and speak out against human rights violations will encourage them. As a result, governments all around the world should urge their public employees to go on strike and speak up for their rights.

You can also check more on writing introductiond from another post by our paper writing experts aimed at assisting students on How to Write an Essay Introduction

Argumentative Essay Body Paragraphs

The body paragraphs of an argumentative essay are the heart of the paper, and they are where you will need to support your claims with evidence. This should be reflected in the content of your essay, which should be in line with the thesis statement in the introduction paragraph.

You should have a maximum of two or three paragraphs to either refute or defend the thesis statement in order to present a compelling argument. Each paragraph should be focused on a single topic statement and provide supporting facts to that sentence.

Furthermore, the claim of your argumentative essay should be supported by evidence and counterevidence, which should be included in the body paragraphs of your argumentative essay.

  • Claim

If you are writing an argumentative essay, it is critical that you state your claim because it serves as the foundation of your essay. You should express your claim in the topic sentence and then inform your readers of the purpose of every single paragraph in your body paragraph, starting with the first.

In order to make an argument, you must have a claim since it is utilized to define the scope, goal, and direction of the argument.

If you want to produce a high-quality argumentative essay, you must first develop a compelling thesis statement.

  • Evidence

To be successful in an argumentative essay, having a strong claim statement is not enough. It is essential that you provide facts and evidence to support your argument in order to persuade your audience.

The evidence you present should be legitimate and accurate because the reality of your argumentative essay is entirely dependent on the credibility of the facts that you provide in support of your assertions. If the evidence you provide is invalid or inaccurate, your argumentative essay will be rejected.

Real-life examples, experts, statistics, analogies, and hypothetical questions are among the five categories of evidence that can be used to support a claim. To support your preliminary thesis statement, you can utilize any form of evidence you want.

  • Counterargument

Many authors overlook the need of focusing on opposing viewpoints when obtaining information about the essay topic. An argumentative essay should give arguments on both sides of a certain issue in order to be effective. As a result, when writing an argumentative essay, don’t limit yourself to writing from a single point of view.

Following the presentation of evidence in support of your statements, you must provide competing viewpoints and counterarguments. Remember to back up your counterarguments with evidence to show that they are unfounded.

Argumentative Essay Conclusion

The conclusion portion of the argumentative essay outline is the final section of the outline. You have learned how to structure the introduction and the body of the essay up to this point in the course. Continue reading to learn how to finish an argumentative essay outline in your own words.

The conclusion part, like the introduction, should be interesting and informative. In the event that you end the essay abruptly and without providing a valid ending statement, the aim of writing the entire essay will have been for naught.

As a result, when writing an argumentative essay conclusion, make sure to keep the following points in mind.

  • Your thesis statement should be estate.
  • Concisely summarize your primary ideas.
  • Make a recommendation to your readers.

Make certain that your conclusion paragraph is comparable in length to your introduction paragraph. If the subject of the debate is brief and straightforward, an introduction and conclusion can be written in a single paragraph.

Never offer new ideas or facts in the last paragraph. The paragraph as a whole should be succinct, precise, and effective.

Argumentative Essay Conclusion Examples

  • We can’t say that youngsters aren’t better learners than adults because they aren’t. The ability to learn often fluctuates based on an individual’s level of motivation and excitement for the subject matter. As a result, it is impossible to generalize about a person’s learning ability based on his or her age.
  • Sports are quite important in sustaining a healthy lifestyle. Sports participation will lead to a more healthful society if more individuals take part in them. However, we should make certain that the sports we participate in do not pose harm to our lives. As a result, always choose sports that are both demanding and interesting to participate in.

Final Words on How to Write a Good Argumentative Essay

The outline you create for your argumentative essay will be the most important part of your paper. In order to construct a solid argumentative essay outline that covers all of the important arguments and is compelling, you should follow the guidelines provided in this blog post and use them.

Search and select the greatest argumentative essay topics available online before creating an outline that is well-structured and includes the three components of the essay – introduction, body, and conclusion. This will help you get started on your essay writing process in the right direction.

If you are still having trouble writing an outline for an argumentative essay, you can reach out to us for assistance. Assignment assistance for all types of academic-related projects and problems will be provided by our experienced team, who will deliver high-quality, custom writing services to meet your needs.

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How to Write an Essay Introduction: Structure and Tips

How to Write an Essay Introduction

The introduction is the most important part of any academic essay or paper, which is why it comes first. The writer/author might communicate the concepts of a document to the readers or audience using an introduction or introductory paragraph. It just establishes your thesis and notifies the audience of the greatest to follow.

The “introduction” to your essay has three primary objectives:

  • Capturing or grabbing your readers’ attention.
  • Providing context for your chosen topic or issue.
  • Presenting your thesis, which is the essay’s central idea.

As a result, it is critical that you learn how to craft an engaging introduction that will hook your audience from the onset. In this article, we aim at expounding on the following:

  • Definition of an introduction paragraph
  • Parts of an introduction that are extremely important
  • How to write a captivating essay or paper introduction
  • Mistakes to avoid while writing an introduction
  • Examples of outstanding introduction paragraphs

Definition of an introduction paragraph

The introductory paragraph, alternatively referred to as the opening paragraph, is the first paragraph of your essay or paper. It consists of the following elements: the hook, the context/background, the topic phrase, the facts, and the thesis statement. It introduces the essay’s central argument. A strong introductory paragraph captivates the reader’s interest and informs them of the importance of the chosen topic.

The following is an illustration of an opening paragraph or introduction to a brief essay:

Hockey has been an integral part of Canadian culture for over a decade (Attention Grabber). It has historically evolved into a popular sport that millions of Canadians participate in and watch (Background/context). The game had increased in popularity tremendously since it was introduced in the country (Thesis Statement).

You can also check out another post by our paper writing experts aimed at assisting students on How to Write a Strong Thesis Statement

Parts of an introduction that are extremely important

To write an outstanding introduction, ensure that it has the following fundamental parts:

  • Hook/Attention grabber/opening sentence/ wow facts/
  • Topic sentence
  • Background information/reference sentence
  • Essay structure or map (optional)
  • Thesis statement

Let’s take a closer look at each of these fundamental parts of an essay or academic paper’s introductory paragraph.

Hook/Attention grabber/opening sentence/ wow facts/

Your opening sentence is always the most important because it establishes the tone and direction of your essay. Therefore, you should invest much time in developing a fascinating hook that can attract and maintain your readers.

It is preferable to avoid writing complex and extended sentences. Instead, make it basic, agile, clear, concise, and catchy. It is a statement aimed to stir the curiosity of the readers.

The hook is the first thing your readers see when they look at your writing, and it serves to stir their curiosity and arouse their desire to read the remainder of it. As such, avoid making sweeping generalizations of basic statements that end up boring your readers. Additionally, keep dry facts out of your writing.

Here are some examples of perfect essay hooks:

  • During the COVID-19 global pandemic, technological innovation had a significant impact on education.
  • The invention of the wheel marked a watershed moment in the development of automobiles.
  • According to the World Bank, it is projected that the global population today stands at 7.64 billion, which represents a 43.2 percent growth compared to the global population in 1960.

As noted in our article on how to write the greatest hooks for essays, you can capture your readers’ interest utilizing hooks like statistics, assertions, facts, rhetorical questions, literary quotes, scenes or locations, definitions, metaphors, analogies, or personal anecdotes.
The hooks are your opening sentence. If poorly written, they fail to stir the readers’ emotions or ignite their curiosity, which makes them hurriedly skim through it.

A well-written opening statement serves as the reader’s initial impression of you. It influences whether they will read. Whether you choose to utilize a question, statement, data, or any other hook, make sure to keep it intriguing. Additionally, keep your essay within the confines of its purpose and objectives.

Topic Sentence

After you’ve aroused your readers’ interest, it’s time to introduce them to your chosen topic. You must inform your reader about the topic you intend to discuss in your essay without wasting any words. It also establishes the tone of your essay, which defines the type of essay you will be writing.

It comes after the attention grabber or essay hook to ensure that the reader interacts with the issue while they are still interested. Some people refer to it as the transition portion of the introduction paragraph, which is correct because it emphasizes the goal of choosing the topic and writing the essay.

It helps readers understand why you choose the topic, contextualize it, and anticipate what to expect in the body paragraphs.
For a smooth transition to the major ideas of your paper, make sure you have appropriate background information about the topic of the essay or paper.

Background information/reference sentence

After introducing the topic to your audience, the reference sentence assists to define the topic’s importance to them. It comes between the thesis statement and the first sentence.

The introduction’s background information portion provides readers with the context necessary to comprehend the topic or argument. The background portion of an assigned essay can include the following:

  • An outline of the issue you are attempting to address
  • A summary of the topic’s relevant facts, ideas, or studies
  • Definitions of major terms
  • The topic’s geographical, historical, or social context

This part takes the reader from a state of interest to one of eagerness to learn more about the subject. A keen reader would skip right to the body paragraphs.

As you present data about the topic, try to illustrate its relevance to the audience in light of the problem or issue. It maintains the reader’s attention, allowing them to go to the end with ease. It also establishes a link between the grabber and the topic. Because you’ll be going back to these issues later, try not to give away too much information up first. The body paragraphs are the place where you present your evidence, facts, and presumptions.

Your background’s space and breadth will vary depending on the topic you’ve chosen. Because it is merely a sketch, it can only be one or two sentences long.

This section should be followed by a concise summary of your essay’s main ideas, which should summarize the body of your essay.

Essay structure or map

Outline the main points before creating the thesis statement. While this is optional for short essays of 100 words or less, longer writings, such as extended essays, require anticipation of what is to come.

Create a plan or roadmap for your essay to provide your readers with a clear sense of your argument’s development. Some people refer to it as an essay’s purpose statement.

Here’s an example:

This essay begins by examining the issues that elderly persons encounter while in nursing facilities. It then expands on how in-home aging is now a preferred option for the elderly. Following that, it examines the benefits and drawbacks of aging in place from several perspectives.

We need to add this if you’re writing a short essay because our word count is already limited.

Thesis Statement

A thesis statement serves as a road map for your essay; it identifies the fundamental idea around which you will concentrate your efforts. In this regard, it specifies your response to the essay prompt question and summarizes the major points for each of the body paragraphs.

  • A truly strong thesis statement should include the following attributes:
  • Have the main idea of the essay
  • Outline the essay’s key idea for each body paragraph
  • As one or two last sentences in your introduction
  • Be concise, straightforward, and coherent
  • The hub around which everything revolves
  • Outlines the roadmap of everything to follow in the paper
  • Integrates the topic and position of the paper

Keep in mind that a strong thesis statement is more than just a series of facts. Instead, it’s a claim that needs to be backed up with solid proof. The purpose of a thesis statement is to communicate your ideas clearly and persuasively, to persuade your audience, to educate them, or to clarify a key concept in your field of study.

How to write a captivating essay or paper introduction

Along with understanding the components of an introduction, you must also grasp how to write an introduction paragraph that fascinates readers or earns you better grades.

Essentially, comprehending the introduction’s major components is insufficient. If you want to write an outstanding essay introduction, you must first entice your reader to read the full document or essay.

Additionally, you must explain the topic, justify its relevance/contextualize it, and expound on everything that will be discussed in the body paragraphs.

The introduction should establish your reputation and authority as the essay’s author. If there are novel viewpoints on a topic, make a point of elaborating on them. Additionally, ensure that your sentences are precise, concise, and innovative, devoid of filler words.

Your introduction should include a brief description of your topic. As you do so, ensure that your writing style corresponds to the audience’s expectations. For instance, a work submitted to an instructor for marking should have a professional or academic tone. On the other hand, a paper written for a group of peers should be official but with a more toned-down academic tone.

Once you’ve established and grounded your essay’s main points, apply the funnel strategy to build and ground your introduction paragraph.

Finally, after drafting the introduction, review and rewrite it to ensure that the thesis statement appropriately summarizes the information or arguments presented in the body paragraphs. If your essay takes a different position, adjust the thesis statement to correspond with the body. Utilize this checklist to verify that your start has all of the components of an effective essay introduction.

Checklist for an Excellent Essay Introduction

  • The introductory line, often known as the hook, is interesting, relevant, and unique
  • The topic sentence is excellent and well-written
  • The introduction contains practical background information
  • The introduction progresses from general to specific
  • The primary idea of the essay or argument is presented in the thesis statement
  • The introduction lays out the essay’s overall structure clearly
  • The introduction of your essay is strongly linked to the rest of the essay’s content
  • The introduction sentence has been edited, proofread, and polished

Avoid these Common Mistakes when Writing an Introduction

You may not be able to create an introduction that is flawless but there are a few things to keep in mind, as we’ve just discussed. Additionally, there are a few things to avoid, such as:

  1. It should be brief: No matter what, keep the start of your essay concise. In general, it should make up 10% of the overall word count.
  2. Avoid squandering words: Avoid filler words and phrases like “to, basically, virtually, fully, completely, literally, actually, extremely, and really.” As the objective of the introductory paragraph is to attract your reader’s interest, make sure your writing is agile, sharp, and clean.
  3. Don’t exaggerate the introduction: If you realize that your beginning writes a check that your essay cannot cash, it is time to modify it and make it more logical. Your essay’s body paragraphs must deliver on whatever promises you made in the opening paragraph.
  4. Creating the essay’s draft body before the introduction: The head follows the body for a reason. If your introduction doesn’t flow from the start, write an introductory paragraph placeholder and improve it afterward.
  5. If possible, omit the first sentence: Even if your first sentence is vital, if you have the option to replace it, do so. After all, it’s a writer’s warm-up, and things may change as you study and write your essay. If it needs improvement, reduce, rewrite, and rework it to strengthen your introduction.

Examples of Excellent Sample Introductions

Let’s take a look at some well-written essay introduction examples to assist us in better integrating the information in this article.

Remember that with a good opening, you’ve already won half the battle in your essay writing adventure. As a result, put extra thought and care into the opening while also making sure the body of the essay counts.

Example 1 on How to Write an Essay Introduction

The question of stem cell research has sparked heated debate among healthcare professionals, policymakers, scientists, and the general public (Hook). The ethical dilemma first surfaced in the 1980s, when stem cell research made its way into the popular media. Scientists then learned how to extract stem cells from human embryos and cultivate the cells in a laboratory setting. It makes no difference whether or not stem cell research is ethical; what matters is the promise that stem cell research has for medical advancement (Background). However, scientists will almost certainly address the drawbacks of stem cell research in a positive way (relevance/topic phrase). Replacing stem cell research with induced pluripotent cells is a viable way to overcome the ethical questions that have hindered the development of stem cell therapies (Thesis Statement).

Example 2 on How to Write an Essay Introduction

As evidenced in the realms of primary and higher education, the emergence and subsequent advancement of technology and the internet have had a world-changing effect (Hook). Although institutions were already utilizing internet technology for educational purposes prior to the pandemic, technology became critical during the COVID-19 pandemic. When the pandemic struck, a series of lockdowns occurred; schools abandoned offline or onsite studies in favor of online learning, and many students relocated. Adopting online learning was a practical way for administrators to preserve learning (topic/relevance sentence). It was a way to ensure that no time was squandered in the midst of the pandemic, which brought with it unanticipated risks for learners. With the strengths demonstrated during blended learning, embracing online learning was not difficult (Background). Eventually, it became clear that online learning benefited students, teachers, and other stakeholders during the COVID-19 pandemic as learning progressed smoothly, students graduated, and policymakers understood the importance of shifting their focus for the future (Thesis Statement).

Example 3 on How to Write an Essay Introduction

Do you use any social networking platforms, apps, or YouTube? (Hook) Nowadays, young people in the United States have a plethora of options for finding and enjoying diverse forms of media at their fingertips. While many of these technological outlets carry the negative connotation of “wasted brain space,” not all technology and screen time should be dismissed as worthless or used just for mindless enjoyment (Background). Indeed, due to the general appeal and accessibility of technology, it may be easily exploited to incorporate academic or educational purposes into daily routines (topic/relevance sentence). The ability of technology to fascinate and engage a specific audience may be harnessed and diverted from mindless entertainment into powerful instruments that are not restricted to amusement only. Games, television, and apps can be used to appeal to a child’s intelligence while developing technical abilities, creating a plethora of options to promote an adolescent’s behavioral and scholastic development. Technology and screen time can be beneficial to children because they allow them to excel academically by experiencing the expanding definitions of classrooms and literacy as a whole, improve low-performing developmental skills, and supplement in-class education for more academically advanced students (Thesis Statement).

Example 4 on How to Write an Essay Introduction

The development of the internet has had a world-changing impact, not least on the realm of education (Hook). The internet’s use in educational circles is increasing, and its position in education is a source of debate. Many teachers who did not grow up with modern technology find its implications concerning and perhaps dangerous (Background). While understandable, this anxiety is misplaced (topic/relevance sentence). The disadvantages of internet users are surpassed by its important benefits for students and educators, including its use as a notably comprehensive and accessible knowledge source, a means of exposure to and engagement with diverse viewpoints, and a highly flexible learning environment (Thesis Statement).

FAQs on How to Write an Essay Introduction

What should be the length of an introductory paragraph be?

According to our study, analysis of preferences, and discussions with leading academics, the introduction accounts for 10% of the total word count. A 1000-word essay, for example, will have a 100-word introduction. A 200-word introductory paragraph will be included in a 2000-word essay.

An essay introduction is made of how many paragraphs?

According to a recent internal study by our top essay writers, the most recommended strategy is to create an introduction in a single paragraph. However, depending on the length of the essay, two paragraphs may be acceptable as an introduction.

A one-paragraph opening is all that is required for a brief essay, based on the information presented above. As for how many paragraphs a long document should have, the writer has the final say.

Final Remarks on How to Write an Essay Introduction

Research and term papers necessitate longer introductions than shorter ones. As a result, the first paragraph will grab the reader’s interest and provide some background for the issue at hand. In the second and possibly third paragraphs, the key points of the work can be laid out, an overview of the overarching argument is shown, and the thesis statement is presented.

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How to Write a Strong Thesis Statement: Master the Art

How to Write a Strong Thesis Statement

Strong Thesis Statement: A step-by-step Guide

As a student, you will undoubtedly be required to write a few essays. In addition, more academic papers are expected. Writing becomes an important skill as you advance in your field. However, if you don’t know how to develop a thesis statement, your writing will be quite boring. As a result, a thesis statement serves as a compass for all of your writing endeavors.

What exactly is a Thesis Statement?

Almost all of us, even if we don’t realize it, scan early in an essay for a one- or two-sentence summary of the argument or analysis that will follow. That condensed statement is known as a thesis statement.

If you are confused about what a thesis statement is, you can seek assistance from our custom essay writers. Our experienced essay writers provide online essay writing assistance. They can, without a doubt, assist you in crafting the strongest thesis statement.

Our experts have experience producing three-point thesis statements and can provide you with an example. As a custom research paper writing service, we are always available to assist you with your academic assignments.

You can also check out another post by our paper writing experts aimed at assisting students on How to Write a 5 Paragraph Essay Quickly

Why Should You Include a Thesis Statement in Your Essay?

The straight answer is:

  1. To put your ideas to the test by condensing them into a sentence or two
  2. To better arrange and build your argument
  3. To offer your reader a “guide” to your argument

In general, your thesis statement will achieve these objectives if you consider it to be the answer to the subject that your work investigates. A thesis statement’s purpose is to help you maintain a laser-sharp focus on the points. It will also help you organize your research paper, term paper, or essay. It is worth noting that even cause-and-effect studies contain a thesis statement. This, perhaps, addresses your question on the purpose of a thesis statement.

What is the ideal length for a thesis sentence?

As previously stated, a thesis statement should be one or two sentences long. A strong thesis statement should present your paper’s topic. Furthermore, given the issue, it should clearly describe your stance.
The purpose of a thesis statement is for the writer to tell the audience about the topic of the paper. It also serves as a guide for writing and focusing on the argument.

Can a thesis statement be a question rather than a statement?

Using questions to explain the main idea is not permitted in any academic writing work. As the name implies, a thesis statement is an argument that you argue in your essay. As a result, a question in its place indicates that you are unsure of what you want your readers to receive.

Continue reading because there is still more to learn about writing a thesis statement. Notably, this guidance is intended for students who are unsure how to develop a strong thesis statement.

This resource might assist you in developing an effective thesis statement. (Links to a reputable third-party website)

Tips on How to Write a Strong Thesis Statement

  • Do not bury the thesis statement deep in the middle of the introduction paragraph for an effective thesis statement. It should also not be near the end of your paper.
  • Be brief and to the point.
  • Avoid employing ambiguous language. Come on, it should be a strong remark that draws your reader in.
  • Avoid phrases like “the main argument of my article.” Thesis statements should, for the most part, flow like normal sentences. However, they solely address the essay’s main point.
  • Your thesis statement should not be overly broad.
  • Ensure that your position on the issue is reflected in the thesis.
  • The thesis statement should be unique as well.
  • There is never a reference to a thesis statement.
  • The thesis should be written entirely in your own words.

Good writers may create thesis statements that are insightful, creative, and memorable. A well-crafted thesis statement reflects a well-written essay and impresses the reader. The thesis statement differentiates intelligent writers.

How to Create an Effective Thesis Statement

To get you started, here are a few useful pointers for consideration:

  1. How to Write a Thesis Statement When the Topic Has Been Assigned
  2. How to Write a Thesis Statement When the Topic Has Not Been Assigned
  3. How to Distinguish Between a Strong and a Weak Thesis Statement

How to Write a Thesis Statement When the Topic Has Been Assigned

Almost all tasks, regardless of their complexity, can be boiled down to a single question. Thus, your initial step should be to reduce the assignment to a single question. For instance, if your task is to “Write a report to the local school board detailing the possible benefits of computer use in a fourth-grade classroom,” rephrase the request as “What possible benefits might computer use in a fourth-grade classroom have?” Write one or two complete sentences in response to the essay question after you’ve chosen it.

Q: “What possible benefits might computer use in a fourth-grade classroom have?”

A: “The possible benefits of computer use in a fourth-grade class include……”

OR

A: “Computer use in a fourth-grade classroom has the potential to significantly improve…….”

The question’s response serves as the essay’s thesis statement.

How to Write a Thesis Statement When the Topic Has Not Been Assigned

Even if your assignment does not ask a specific question, your thesis statement must answer a question about the topic you wish to investigate. In this circumstance, it is up to you to determine what topic to write about.

An effective thesis statement will typically have the four characteristics listed below:

  • choose a topic on which reasonable people can differ
  • choose a topic that, given the nature of the assignment, can be appropriately covered
  • express a single point of view
  • Assert your thoughts on the subject

Let’s take a look at how to write a social policy thesis statement.

The best way to begin is by brainstorming the topic.

Let’s imagine your class is studying the effects of Americans’ shifting food patterns. It dawns on you that you’re curious about how much sugar American schoolchildren consume on a daily basis.

A good place to begin is with a thesis statement like this:

Sugar consumption.

There’s nothing conclusive about this passage. Instead, it’s merely a way to convey a broad subject matter. In addition, your reader has no idea what you’re trying to convey regarding sugar intake.

Next, you need to narrow down the topic.

However, based on your research, you’ve come to the conclusion that youngsters in elementary school consume far too much sugar.

You revise your thesis statement to read as follows:

Sugar consumption reduction among elementary school children.

In addition to announcing your topic, this fragment concentrates on a specific demographic: elementary school students. Additionally, it provides a point of contention for rational people, because while the majority of people agree that children consume more sugar than they used to, not everyone agrees on how the problem can be addressed or who should address it. The reader has no idea where you stand on the subject, so this is hardly a thesis statement.

Take a stance on the issue.

After some further thought, you conclude that what you truly want to say about this topic is that something should be done to minimize the quantity of sugar these children ingest.

You modify your thesis statement such that it reads as follows:

More emphasis should be placed on the food and beverage options offered to schoolchildren.

Although this statement expresses your opinion, the terms “more attention and food and beverage options” are ambiguous.

Therefore, you need to utilize specific language.

As such, you decide to elaborate on your point concerning food and beverage options, and thus write:

According to experts, half of schoolchildren consume nine times the daily recommended amount of sugar.

While this is a specific statement, it is not a thesis. Instead, it only provides information on a statistic instead of making a valid claim.

Make a valid claim that is supported by explicit evidence.

Finally, you have your thesis statement revised to this:

Soda machines should be replaced with healthier options because half of all elementary school students in the US consume nine times the daily recommended sugar intake.

Notice the manner in which the thesis responds to the question, “What should be done to help children consume less sugar, and who should be mandated to do so?” While you may not have begun the task with a specific question in mind, as your understanding of the issue grew, your ideas became more specific. Your thesis has been revised to incorporate your new findings.

How to Distinguish Between a Strong and a Weak Thesis Statement

It’s simple to tell a strong thesis statement from a weak thesis statement. This enables you to quickly identify a mediocre writer. The following are a few components of a strong thesis statement:

  1. A strong thesis statement takes a stance.
  2. A strong thesis statement provides justification for the study.
  3. A strong thesis statement expresses a single point of view.
  4. A strong thesis statement is unambiguous – Straight to the point and uses specific language.

About taking a stance

Bear in mind that your thesis statement must demonstrate your findings regarding a subject. For instance, if you are writing a paper for a fitness class, you may be required to assess a popular weight-loss product. Consider the following two thesis statements:

There are several disadvantages and advantages to the Banana Herb Tea Supplement.

This is an unconvincing thesis statement. To begin, it fails to adopt a position. Second, the terminology “advantages and disadvantages” is ambiguous.

Due to the fact that Banana Herb Tea Supplement encourages rapid weight loss, which results in the loss of muscle and lean body mass, it may pose a risk to consumers.

This is a great thesis statement since it takes a stance and is specific.

About providing a justification for the study

Your thesis statement should state the purpose of the study. If you’re writing a paper about kinship ties and want to use your own family as an example, you may use one of the two thesis statements below:

My family is extended.

This is a weak thesis, as it is essentially a statement of fact. Your reader will be unable to discern the statement’s point and will most likely stop reading.

While most American families consider consanguineal marriages as a danger to the nuclear family structure, many Iranian families, including my own, believe that these marriages assist strengthen extended family kinship ties.

This is a strong thesis statement because it demonstrates how your experience contradicts a widely held belief. An excellent method for developing a strong thesis is to demonstrate that the subject is contentious. The remainder of the article will grab readers’ curiosity in order to see how you substantiate your claim.

About expressing a single point of view

Readers must be able to discern that your paper is focused on a single point. If your thesis statement contains multiple ideas, you risk confusing your readers concerning the topic of your paper. For instance:

Businesses must take advantage of the Internet’s marketing potential, and Web pages can serve as both advertising and customer service.

This is a weak thesis statement since it leaves the reader in limbo about whether the study is about Internet marketing or Web pages. To improve the thesis, the connection between the two ideas must be made more explicit. A possible way to rewrite the thesis is to write:

Because the Internet has immense marketing potential, businesses can take advantage of it by creating Web pages that combine advertising with customer service.

This is a strong thesis because it establishes a connection between the two concepts. Hint: the terms because, since, so, although, unless, and however appear in a large number of strong and unambiguous thesis statements.

About being unambiguous – Straight to the point and use specific language.

A thesis statement should clearly identify the focus of your paper and will assist you in keeping your paper on a reasonable topic. For instance, if you’re writing a seven- to ten-page essay about hunger, you could write:

World hunger is caused and worsened by a variety of factors.

This is a weak thesis statement for two fundamental reasons. To begin, world hunger cannot be adequately explained in seven to ten pages. Second, a variety of factors is ambiguous. You should be able to articulate concrete causes and effects. This is how an updated thesis would look:

Hunger prevails in Glandelinia due to a scarcity of jobs and the difficulty of farming in barren terrain.

This is a strong thesis statement because it solidifies the problem into a more manageable size while also pinpointing the root causes of hunger.

How to Write a Thesis in a Step-by-Step Manner

Our comprehensive guide on how to develop a thesis statement will be inadequate if we do not discuss the processes. When composing a thesis statement, bear in mind the following aspects:

  • Examine the main sources for areas of interest, tension, disagreement, complexities, or contention.
  • Create a rough draft of your original thesis.
  • Consider the thesis statement logically and critically.
  • Revise the original thesis and incorporate some of the strong evidence.
  • Keep the thesis at the forefront of the initial paragraph.
  • Anticipate counterarguments to help you fine-tune your essay.
  • When developing a thesis statement, avoid using questions. A thesis statement should never be interpreted as a question. This is a general norm for all academic articles.
  • Finally, always check if the thesis statement passes the “so what?” test.
  • It should also meet the “, how, and why?” test for thesis statements. In other words, your thesis statement should state your standpoint.
  • Always reiterate the thesis at the end of a paper. It should, however, be re-invented to match the context of the paper.

The Different Types of Thesis Statements

There are three major types of thesis statements that you will come across when writing essays or research papers:

  1. Argumentative Thesis Statement: Entails Making a Claim
  2. Expository Thesis Statement: Entails Explaining a Topic
  3. Analytical Thesis Statement: Entails Analyzing an Issue

Argumentative Thesis Statement

The purpose of an argumentative thesis is to make a case for your point of view on a particular issue. It is normally utilized when the primary goal of the essay is to elaborate on an opinion, policy suggestion, analysis, or cause-and-effect statement. Below is a sample argumentative thesis statement:

Technology has diminished our level of connectedness to others since it allows us to detach from the people in our physical environment and it does not promote the social skills needed in order to assist us to connect to those around us.

Expository Thesis Statement

The purpose of an expository thesis statement is to introduce the topic of your paper and to outline the most important issues to be discussed. Below is a sample expository thesis statement:

Factors associated with student success include excellent time management, motivation, and family support.

Analytical Thesis Statement

The purpose of an analytical thesis statement is to clearly express the topic of your paper, the methods you used to research it, and the conclusions you came to as a result of your research. Below is a sample analytical thesis statement:

An analysis of alternatives to fossil fuel energies indicated that the usage of solar and wind power is a better option.

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How to Write a 5 Paragraph Essay Quickly

We are convinced that the majority of you have been assigned academic writing tasks at some point in your life, whether it was in high school or college. Although it is not a typical occurrence in our lives, writing 5-paragraph essays is an academic necessity. Instructors frequently assign five-paragraph essays, which are a common type of academic writing among college students.

It is rather frequent among individuals preparing for the IELTS or TOEFL tests. Its mastery is delectable, which is why our article on how to write a five-paragraph essay may come in handy. Typically, five-paragraph essays assist students in responding to a topic.

It is, for the most part, the traditional format for the majority of undergraduate essays. It is employed in the composition of most essays such as classification essays, speeches, responsive essays, term papers, argumentative essays, explanatory essays, personal statements, and expository essays.

This article will walk you through the process of writing this type of essay from start to finish.

You can also check out another post by our paper writing experts aimed at assisting students on How to Write an Essay Introduction

Essay Structure with Five Paragraphs

Without a doubt, the name of this essay genre indicates that it contains five paragraphs. The paragraphs are as follows: an introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion.

Introduction to the Essay: How to Write a 5 Paragraph Essay Quickly

If you are a regular reader of our writings, you should already be aware of how much we emphasize the importance of an engaging opening. The beginning should include a hook sentence that entices and holds the reader’s attention.

The introduction paragraph should establish the wide scope of your subject and then narrow it down through the use of a thesis statement. In the thesis statement, discuss the paper’s topic and the details that will be included.

Notably, the opening should be succinct, succinct, and compelling. Additionally, when proofreading, adjust the thesis to fit the essay’s body.

The Body Subheadings: How to Write a 5 Paragraph Essay Quickly

In a five-paragraph essay, the body paragraphs contain the ideas, facts, and thoughts that support the stated thesis. It is prudent to give pertinent examples to exemplify the issues.

Ideas can be drawn from a variety of trustworthy scholarly sources, including books, peer-reviewed journals, personal experiences, and primary sources.

Additionally, it is prudent to provide an account of the views by illustrative examples in order to persuade the audience.

The opening paragraph of the body should contain an evocative description of the central concept. The second paragraph should discuss the weakest idea. The third section should contain an explication of the essay’s key points.

Among the transitions to utilize in the body of an essay are on the other hand, for instance, as an illustration, and, most crucially, on the contrary.

The Essay’s conclusion: How to Write a 5 Paragraph Essay Quickly

Typically, the final paragraph serves as your conclusion. It should reiterate the essay’s topic and hook. It should be a paraphrased version of the essay that summarizes the essay’s primary arguments and ideas.

Due to the fact that it is the inverse of the introduction, it should incorporate certain transitions to indicate the end. These transitional phrases include in summary, in conclusion, as previously discussed, as can be seen from the preceding discussion, and so forth. Prevent the use of conclusion generators. Rather than that, utilize human editors and real writers.

Never are conclusions cited. As a result, refrain from including in-text citations in your conclusion.

How to Compose an Outstanding Five-Paragraph Essay

While writing a five-paragraph essay may appear simple, it is seldom that simple. Our suggestions can assist you in completing your work more efficiently.

  1. The ending paragraph may have a paragraph hook. It is permitted since it signifies the conclusion of the paper. Surprise your reader by providing an undiscovered truth about the subject that is connected but unique to it.
  2. Utilize thesaurus and dictionaries to acquire the most advanced vocabulary. A strong vocabulary entices and retains the reader.
  3. When developing ideas and concepts, exercise creativity, ingenuity, and critical thinking.
  4. Using a five-paragraph essay template or simply a pen and paper, plan your five-paragraph essay.
  5. Consider how you can bolster your points.
  6. Provide evidence for your claims by citing trustworthy scholarly sources.
  7. Check your essay for faults in syntax, grammar, vocabulary, and coherence.
  8. Adhere to your primary theme and typical essay writing guidelines.
  9. Always have a pre-written essay outline. It should offer prospective essay topics for each paragraph.

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How to Write a Research Proposal Paper for Students

How to Write a Research Proposal Paper for Students

A research proposal’s objective is twofold: to present and justify the need to examine a research subject, as well as to provide the practical manner in which the suggested study should be carried out. The design features and techniques for conducting research are defined by the norms of the primary discipline in which the problem belongs; thus, research proposal requirements are more rigorous and less formal than a general project proposal. Extensive literature reviews are included in research proposals. They must present compelling evidence that the proposed study is needed. A proposal, in addition to offering a justification, outlines a specific methodology for doing the research in accordance with professional or academic area requirements, as well as a statement about the anticipated outcomes and/or benefits of the study’s completion.

For the following reasons, your professor may assign the task of preparing a research proposal to you:

  • Improve your ability to think about and design a comprehensive research project;
  • Learn how to carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the literature to assess whether a research problem has been appropriately addressed or has been answered ineffectively, and improve your ability to locate relevant scholarship relating to your topic as a result;
  • Boost your overall research and writing abilities;
  • Practice how to identify the logical actions that must be followed to achieve one’s study objectives;
  • Critically examine, investigate, and consider the use of various approaches for acquiring and evaluating data relating to the research problem; and
  • Develop an inquisitive spirit within yourself and consider yourself an active participant in the process of conducting scholarly studies.

A proposal should include all of the important parts needed in constructing a completed research project, as well as enough information for readers to evaluate the validity and usefulness of your planned study. Only the study’s findings and your analysis of them are missing from a research proposal. Finally, the quality of your writing is used to measure the effectiveness of your proposal, therefore it is critical that your proposal is cohesive, clear, and compelling.

You can also check out another post by our paper writing experts aimed at assisting students on how to write a research paper quickly and efficiently.

Regardless of the study subject or approach used, all research proposals must answer the following questions:

  1. What do you intend to achieve? Define the research problem and what you intend to investigate in a clear and concise manner.
  2. Why do you wish to conduct the study? In addition to determining your research plan, you must conduct a thorough review of the literature and give convincing evidence that the topic warrants further investigation. Make sure to respond to the “So What?” question.
  3. How will you carry out the research? Make certain that what you offer is feasible. If you’re having trouble coming up with a research problem to investigate, read here for ideas on developing a problem to research.

Avoidable Common Mistakes: How to Write a Research Proposal Guide

  • Failure to be precise. A research proposal must be concise and not “all over the place” or veer into unrelated tangents if there is no clear sense of intent.
  • Failure to mention reputable scholarly articles in your review of the literature. Proposals should be founded on fundamental research that establishes the groundwork for comprehending the issue’s evolution and magnitude.
  • Failure to specify your research’s contextual limitations [e.g., time, place, people, etc.]. Your suggested study, like any other research article, must enlighten the reader on how and in what manner the study will investigate the topic.
  • Failure to come up with a cohesive and persuasive justification for the planned research. This is quite important. The research proposal is often used to justify why a study should be approved or sponsored.
  • Poor grammar or sloppy or ambiguous writing. Although a research proposal does not represent a completed research project, it is expected to be well-written and to adhere to the style and principles of excellent academic writing.
  • There is far too much detail on trivial topics, but far too little detail on significant issues. In order to support the argument that the research should be undertaken, your proposal should focus on only a few important research topics. Minor flaws can be noted, even if they are valid, but they should not dominate the main story.

Structure and Writing Style of a Research Proposal

Beginning the Proposal Process

Research proposals, like most college-level academic papers, are largely organized in the same way across most social science areas. The text of proposals typically ranges between ten and thirty-five pages in length, followed by a list of references. However, before you begin, read the assignment thoroughly and, if anything is unclear, ask your professor whether there are any unique requirements for structuring and producing the proposal.

Asking yourself the following questions is a great place to start:

  • What am I interested in studying?
  • What is the significance of the topic?
  • What significance does it have in relation to the topics addressed in my class?
  • What issues would it assist in resolving?
  • How does it improve upon [and hopefully go beyond] previous studies on the topic?
  • What should I do, and will I be able to complete it in the period specified?

In general, a compelling research proposal should demonstrate your understanding of the issue as well as your desire for carrying out the research. Approach it with the goal of leaving your readers with the impression that “Wow, that’s an amazing idea, and I can’t wait to see how it works out!”

Most proposals should include the following sections:

I.  Introduction: How to Write a Research Proposal Guide

A research proposal is often presented by scholars seeking grant funding for a study topic, or it is the first step in acquiring permission to write a Ph.D. dissertation in the actual world of higher education. Even if this is only a course assignment, think of your beginning as a first pitch for an idea or a full discussion of the significance of a research subject. Your readers should not only comprehend what you want to achieve after reading the introduction, but they should also be able to sense your enthusiasm for the issue and be enthused about the study’s potential outcomes. It is worth noting that the majority of proposals do not include an abstract [summary] before the introduction.

Consider your introduction to be a two-to-four-paragraph narrative that addresses the following four questions succinctly:

  1. What is the primary research issue?
  2. What is the research topic related to the research problem?
  3. What methodologies should be employed to investigate the research question?
  4. Why is this research relevant, what is its importance, and why should someone reading the proposal be interested in the results of the proposed study?

II.  Background and Significance: How to Write a Research Proposal Guide

This is where you explain the rationale of your proposal and why it is important. It can be incorporated into your introduction or created as a distinct piece to aid in the organizing and narrative flow of your proposal. Approach writing this section with the understanding that you cannot presume your readers will be as knowledgeable about the research problem as you are. It is important to note that this section is not an essay in which you go through everything you have learned about the issue; rather, you must select what is most useful in articulating the goals of your study.

Inevitably, while no specific criteria exist for determining the significance of your planned study, you should try to fix some or all of the following issues:

  • The research challenge and the study’s purpose should be stated in greater detail here than in the introduction. Even if the problem is complex or diverse, this is especially true.
  • Explain the logic for your proposed study and why it is worthwhile; Make sure to respond to the “So What?” point [i.e., why would anyone ever care].
  • Describe the fundamental issues or problems that your research will address. This could take the form of questions to be answered. Make a note of how your proposed study expands on prior assumptions about the research issue.
  • Describe the methods you intend to utilize to perform your research. Clearly determine the main sources you intend to employ and demonstrate how they will contribute to your topic analysis.
  • Describe the scope of your intended research to establish a clear emphasis. Where relevant, describe not just what you intend to explore, but also which parts of the research subject will be avoided.
  • If applicable, offer definitions for relevant concepts or phrases.

III.  Literature Review: How to Write a Research Proposal Guide

A component of your proposal dedicated to a more intentional evaluation and synthesis of earlier studies relating to the research subject under inquiry is linked to the background and significance of your study. The goal here is to situate your study within the greater context of what is currently being investigated, while also demonstrating to your audience that your work is unique and inventive. Consider what questions other researchers have asked, what methodologies they have employed, and how you interpret their findings, and, when mentioned, their recommendations.

Because a literature review is loaded with material, it is critical that this part is intelligently structured to allow a reader to grasp the essential ideas underlying your planned study in relation to that of other researchers. Rather than systematically or chronologically describing groupings of materials one at a time, it is a useful practice to divide the literature into “conceptual categories” [themes]. It is important to note that conceptual categories generally emerge after you have read the majority of the relevant literature on your issue, thus adding new categories is an ongoing process of discovery as you examine more studies. How do you know you’ve examined all of the main conceptual categories that constitute the research literature? In general, you may be confident that all of the major conceptual categories have been defined if you notice repetition in the conclusions or recommendations.

NOTE: In order to support your proposal, you should not be afraid to question the findings of previous studies. Examine what you believe is missing and explain how past research has failed to thoroughly investigate the topic that your study addresses. Check here for further information and help with writing research papers assistance.

As you write your literature review, keep in mind the “five C’s” of writing a literature review:

  1. Cite such that the primary attention remains on the literature relevant to your research problem.
  2. Compare various arguments, hypotheses, techniques, and findings expressed in the literature: where do the authors agree? Who uses similar methods for analyzing the research problem?
  3. Compare various arguments, subjects, tactics, approaches, and controversies mentioned in the literature: discover key areas of contention, controversy, or debate among researchers.
  4. Critique the literature: What are the most compelling arguments in the literature, and why are they so? Which techniques, conclusions, and methodologies appear to be the most reliable, legitimate, or appropriate, and why? Take note of the verbs you use to explain what an author says/does [e.g., asserts, demonstrates, argues, etc.].
  5. Connect the literature to your own area of inquiry and investigation: how does your own work rely on, deviate from, synthesize, or contribute a new perspective on what has been expressed in the literature?

IV.  Research Design and Methods: How to Write a Research Proposal Guide

Because you are not conducting the study, this section must be well-written and clearly organized; yet, your reader must have faith that it is worthwhile to pursue. The reader will never have a research outcome to judge whether your methodological choices were correct. Thus, the goal here is to persuade the reader that your overall study strategy and recommended techniques of analysis will address the topic correctly and that the methodologies will provide a means to successfully evaluate the potential outcomes. Your study’s design and methodology should be plainly linked to its unique goals.

Describe the overall research design by drawing on and expanding on your review of the literature. Consider not only methods employed by other researchers but also methods of data collection that have not been used but could be. Be specific about the data collection methods you intend to use, the data analysis techniques you intend to employ, and the external validity tests to which you commit [i.e., the degree of trustworthiness with which you can generalize from your study to other people, places, events, and/or periods of time].

When explaining your methods, make sure to include the following:

Describe the research process you will use and how you will interpret the findings in connection to the study problem. Not only should you explain what you hope to achieve by using the methods you’ve chosen, but also how you plan to spend your time using them [e.g., coding text from interviews to find statements about the need to change school curriculum; running a regression to see if there’s a relationship between campaign advertising on social media sites and election outcomes in Europe].

Remember that the methodology is more than just a list of actions; it is an argument for why these tasks add up to the best strategy to study the research problem. This is significant since simply stating the tasks to be completed does not demonstrate that they collectively successfully address the research problem. Make sure you explain this clearly.

Anticipate and identify any potential hurdles or difficulties encountered throughout the conduct of your study design, and outline how you aim to overcome them. Because no approach is flawless, you must identify where you believe difficulties may occur in acquiring data or accessing information. It is usually preferable to admit this than to have your instructor bring it up.

V.  Preliminary Suppositions and Implications: How to Write a Research Proposal Guide

You can’t avoid discussing the analytical method and potential repercussions just because you don’t have to perform the study and analyze the data. Describe how and why you believe your research will improve, update, or extend current understanding in the area under discussion in this section of your paper. Explain how your study’s findings may impact future academic research, theory, practice, modes of intervention, or policymaking, depending on the study’s goals and objectives.

When considering the potential ramifications of your research, consider the following:

  • What do the findings imply in terms of challenging the theoretical framework and underlying assumptions that motivate the study?
  • What recommendations for future research could be derived from the study’s prospective findings?
  • When it comes to practitioners, what are the implications of the research?
  • Will the findings have any implications on programs, methodology, and/or forms of intervention?
  • How might the findings help to solve social, economic, or other forms of problems?
  • Is it possible that the findings will have a direct impact on policy decisions?
  • Should your research be undertaken, how will individuals or groups benefit?
  • What will be better or different as a result of the proposed research?
  • How will the study’s findings be implemented, and what breakthroughs or transformational insights might emerge as a result of the implementation process?

NOTE: This section should not dive into idle speculation, or opinion, or be based on ambiguous evidence. If your study goes according to plan, you should use this section to identify any knowledge gaps or understudied topics in the existing literature and discuss how your work will contribute to filling such gaps.

VI.  Conclusion: How to Write a Research Proposal Guide

The conclusion emphasizes the significance of your research proposal and provides a quick review of the full report. This section should be no more than one or two paragraphs long, stressing why the research challenge is worth examining, what makes your research project distinctive, and how it will expand existing knowledge.

The following should be clear to anyone who reads this section:

  • Why should the study be conducted?
  • The study’s exact objective and the research issues it seeks to answer,
  • The reasons why the research design and methodologies used were chosen above other alternatives,
  • The probable consequences of your suggested investigation of the research problem, and
  • An understanding of how your research fits into the larger body of knowledge about the research problem.

VII.  Citations: How to Write a Research Proposal Guide

You must cite the sources you used, just as you would in any other scientific research paper. This section in a normal research proposal can take two forms; confer with your instructor to determine which is preferred.

  1. References – only include the literature that you utilized or cited in your proposal.
  2. Bibliography – includes citations to any essential materials relevant to understanding the study challenge, as well as a record of everything you utilized or cited in your proposal.

In either instance, this part should attest to the fact that you completed enough preliminary work to ensure that your study would complement, rather than just replicate, the efforts of previous scholars. Create a new page with the header “References” or “Bibliography” centered at the top. Cited works should always employ a standard format that follows the writing style recommended by the discipline of your course [e.g., education=APA; history=Chicago] or that your lecturer prefers. This part does not generally contribute to the total page length of your research proposal.

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Montreaux Chocolate USA Report Essay Sample

Introduction of TOPIC

Executive Summary:
As of October 2012, Andrea Torres, director of new product development at Montreaux Chocolate USA, needs to recommend whether or not the company should pursue a new product launch in the United States. The new product, a 70% cocoa dark chocolate with fruit product, has been tested because of “its heightened revenue potential, better alignment with health and wellness initiatives, and strong consumer acceptance of the proposition” (Quelch 7). This memo will address the reasons why Andrea will recommend more product testing for the new product line at a cost of $3 million and for a time frame of one year before actually launching the product either regionally or nationally. This memo provides an Ellet’s Five Phase analysis which includes a statement of the situation, a list of questions, a hypothesis, an explanation of proof and action, alternatives, and final recommendations as to why the company should pursue more testing of the new product line before implementing either a regional or national rollout.

Analysis: Ellet’s 5 Phases
Situation:
In October 2012, Andrea Torres needs to make several decisions which include: “should the company conduct further product testing, launch the product in selected test markets, stage a regional rollout, or launch nationally” (Quelch 1). Other important decisions for Torres involve deciding whether to name the product Montreaux or Apollo and also whether to develop production facilities and processes in the US. She must also consider the following objectives when making these strategic decisions: The company should achieve first-year sales of at least $30 million; The company should nationally distribute Montreaux product line by year-end 2015; The company should achieve $115 million in annual sales by year-end 2015; and The company should be in the top 25 in revenue (.60% market share) by year-end 2015. Torres needs to make these imperative decisions for a board meeting scheduled to take place on December 10. She must present her decisions to her boss, David Raymond, and the board who both expect her research and recommendations as vitally important in launching and promoting the Montreaux Chocolate company in the US. Questions:

Should the company be named Apollo or Montreaux Chocolate USA? Should the company purchase a new manufacturing plant in the US? Who are Montreaux Chocolate USA’s competitors? Will Montreaux Chocolate USA become the leading global player in the chocolate industry? Will the company be able to achieve the NPD’s goals of national distribution of Montreaux Chocolate USA and of developing new product lines? How will the company “address issues such as product formulation, positioning, size, and packaging?” “Should Montreaux build upon its European brand equity or more directly tailor to the American consumer?” Should the company pursue integrated marketing communications to promote the new product line and create brand awareness? How much should the company spend on advertising the new product line?

Hypothesis:
Because of the mediocre results generated by the BASES II Testing, the company should not aggressively market the Montreaux dark chocolate with fruit product. Because Montreaux will face competition in the dark chocolate with fruit category, the company should plan to introduce the new product gradually, evaluate the success of the new product, and then increase or decrease the product infiltration accordingly. In addition, test marketing will enable the company to determine which markets will provide the greatest profit so that the company will not waste additional time and money on unsuccessful endeavors.

Therefore, the company needs to conduct further test marketing ideally with a more conservative budget. This strategy will provide the information that will determine how the company should continue to market their products by evaluating consumer behavior and buying patterns, observing which products are most successful, gathering information concerning consumer tastes and preferences, etc. As a result, the company would then be able to maximize profits and produce its product in optimal amounts so as to satisfy consumer demand effectively. Proof and Action:

The following statistics stated in the case indicate that “23% of respondents would definitely buy the Montreaux dark chocolate with fruit product and 40% would probably buy the product.” These average ratings strongly suggest that this product should be introduced into the market very gradually. This strategy would enable the company to evaluate consumer buying patterns so that the company could determine future production levels and future marketing strategies that benefit both the company and the consumer. Financial information given in the case also indicates that the company needs to introduce this product very conservatively. Exhibit 1 informs that with 5.98 million total purchases, low awareness, low ACV and mediocre product, Montreaux would gross $17.44 million. Exhibit 2 shows that with medium awareness, medium ACV and an average product Montreaux would gross $25.1 million.

These figures do not meet Montreaux’s objective of earning at least $30 million in its first year. Exhibit 3 shows a slightly improved situation: with high awareness,

high ACV, and an excellent product, Montreaux would gross $39 million. Although $39 million exceeds

Montreaux’s first year objective, one cannot conclude with certainty that the product will earn such high ratings in its first year of existence. Therefore, it would be wise for the company to pursue a less aggressive marketing strategy for the first year so that the company can assess and evaluate the product’s overall performance to determine optimal production levels for the new product line. Alternatives:

The case discusses four major alternatives that can be implemented in reference to Montreaux Chocolate USA. These alternatives include: further product testing, launching in selective test markets, staging a regional rollout, and launching nationally. As previously stated, additional product testing will enable the company to determine how aggressively it should infiltrate the US market. Previous product testing revealed unacceptable results concerning the introduction of the new product line, specifically the Montreaux dark chocolate with fruit product. Montreaux needs further information to determine the degree of success or failure of this new product line as well as how other product lines will be purchased by the general public. Additional testing would also enable the company to determine which markets will provide the greatest profit and then to target these markets accordingly.

Additional research would also allow the company to address issues related to product formulation, positioning, size, and packaging so that the company can produce and market a product that not only appeals to consumers but that also generates a significant profit. For example, “diagnostic information generated by the research found the 5-ounce stand-up pouch with healthy positioning to offer the greatest revenue potential, reconfirming the results of the focus group testing that found consumers respond very favorably to healthy messaging (with the smaller pieces aiding in the healthiness perception)” (Quelch 6). In addition, Francisco Redruello, senior foods analyst at Euromonitor International, advises that “extended flavor offerings, incorporation of multiple cocoa types and increased content along with luxurious packaging innovation must be a focus” and that “portion control is increasingly important” (Culliney 1). A second alternative involves launching the Montreaux products in selected test markets.

This alternative would give Montreaux Chocolates USA real-world information concerning its products which will be more beneficial and preferred in developing effective marketing strategies than information derived from laboratory studies. In addition, Montreaux could target/test market large cities to find out specifically how much product they should supply them with, thus infiltrating these large markets very effectively. A third alternative requires that the company stage a regional rollout. This alternative would benefit the company because regional markets are smaller than national markets, thus costing less while still providing valuable information concerning how the product will be received in target markets. In other words, Montreaux would have the opportunity to evaluate the product’s performance in regional markets and apply these findings to national markets, thus saving money while gaining the information necessary to successfully infiltrate larger markets.

However, the benefits of this alternative should outweigh the negative impact on the company’s profits in order for it to produce positive results. A fourth alternative necessitates that the company launch its product lines on a national scale. This would be a bold move for the company because of the risk and uncertainty involved in this type of launch. In other words, this alternative would either meet the company’s objectives in a big way or it would cause negative profits for the company. Again, the company needs to weigh the potential benefits vs. the risks involved in implementing this aggressive alternative and implement it only if they are almost certain that a national launch will be successful. Obviously, management should carefully review previous research before making this aggressive decision. However, if and when research provides promising and profitable results, the company should pursue a national launch, especially since the company wants to be the first to introduce the healthy dark chocolate product line and capture the profits that will be generated by being a forerunner in a competitive industry. Recommendation:

Again, the disappointing results derived from the BASES II testing indicate that the company should pursue additional test marketing before launching the new product lines. If the company intends to meet or exceed its first year sales of $30 million, more testing needs to be done in order to ensure that the product lines will generate the expected profits. In other words, additional testing will prevent the company from experiencing negative profits and poor acceptance of the new product lines among consumers. Unless the company wants to risk losing a great deal of money, a regional or national launch should not be pursued at this time. The company needs to strongly consider the positive effects of more product testing and consider the $3 million price tag as an investment rather than an expense, especially if future goals involve generating $115 million in sales by year-end 2015 and being in the top 25 in revenue testing.

After the company conducts additional testing that reveals acceptable and promising results, the company can then consider a gradual regional or national rollout, evaluate consumer buying patterns and behaviors, and then infiltrate target markets so as to avoid negative profits. This recommendation may take more time than one year in order to be effective, and the company should instead work to achieve a more reasonable sales goal that is still profitable rather than setting an unachievable goal of $30 million for their first year sales. The company can then plan to recover the $3 million investment spent on test marketing in terms of higher sales and profits in the future, as well as exercising patience and persistence in meeting more reasonable goals, so as to prevent their product lines from ultimately failing in the marketplace because of poor test results, unachievable goals, and ineffective marketing strategies.

However, despite the lackluster results of the previous test market research, Andrea Torres has good reason to be positive concerning the success of Montreaux Chocolate USA. Reports.mintel.com states that “the total revenue for the chocolate segment in 2011 was $17.664 billion and was expected to grow almost 2% annually through 2015” (reports.mintel.com 17). In addition, MarketLine reports that “chocolate is the most lucrative segment of the global confectionary market, accounting for 52.6% of the market’s total value. In 2011, Europe captured the largest regional share of the global confectionery market at 45.2%, with the Americas following at 33.9%” (MarketLine 8, 10, and 12).

Furthermore, kpmg.com reports that “global chocolate industry revenues will reach record US $117 billion in 2014” (kpmg.com 3). Torres should be confident that her decision to pursue additional test marketing will be positively received by David Raymond given that the chocolate industry has high total revenues and high market share in the U.S. At the board meeting she should present her colleagues with these impressive figures to convince them that additional testing will enable Montreaux Chocolate to achieve high revenues. She should also present the board with facts concerning the growing popularity of dark chocolate among health-conscious consumers, as research will more than likely reveal the huge potential for success in this growing market. Kpmg.com reports that “the most dramatic change in consumer taste is the surge in popularity of dark chocolate. Perceived health benefits have fueled a 93% growth in launches and dark chocolate now accounts for 20% of the U.S. market” (kpmg.com 3).

Works Cited

Culliney, Kacey. “Luxury Chocolate to Grow Developed Markets, Says Analyst.” Confectionerynews.com. 13 April 2015 http://www.confectionerynews.com/Markets/Luxury-chocolate-to-grow-developed-markets-says-analyst. Confectionerynews.com. 8 April 2015

 

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Description Childhood Residency Essay Example Ideas

Description Childhood Residency Essay Example for Students

Childhood residency is a term that refers to the place where an individual spent their formative years. It is a significant aspect of one’s identity as it shapes their perception of the world and their social and cultural upbringing. In an essay on childhood residency, a student may describe their experiences growing up in a particular location, how it influenced their development, and how they identify with it.

How to Write an Introduction to a Childhood Residency Essay

To start the essay, the student may introduce the location where they grew up, including its geographical location, history, and any cultural or social significance. They may describe the neighborhood, community, and surroundings and how they impacted their daily life. For example, if they grew up in a rural area, they may talk about the natural environment and how it shaped their connection to nature. If they grew up in a city, they may discuss the hustle and bustle of urban life and the diverse cultural experiences it provided.

How to Write a Discussion Body for an Essay on Childhood Residency

In the body of the essay, the student may then discuss their personal experiences and memories growing up in this location. They may talk about their family life, including their relationship with parents, siblings, and extended family. They may describe their school experience, including teachers, classmates, and extracurricular activities. They may also discuss any significant events or milestones that occurred during their childhood residency.

The student may then reflect on how their childhood residency impacted their identity and worldview. They may discuss how their upbringing shaped their values, beliefs, and attitudes toward various issues. For example, if they grew up in a diverse community, they may talk about how it influenced their appreciation for different cultures and perspectives. If they grew up in a conservative or liberal community, they may discuss how that shaped their political views.

How to Write a Childhood Residency Description Conclusion

The conclusion of the essay may offer a final reflection on the writer’s childhood residency experience. This may include a summary of the key themes or lessons that emerged from the narrative or a statement about the writer’s ongoing connection to their childhood home. It should be a thoughtful reflection on their experiences and memories, and how they impacted their worldview.

Overall, a childhood residency essay is a powerful tool for capturing the essence of a particular time and place in a writer’s life and for exploring the ways in which our early experiences shape our identities and perspectives.

Read Description of Childhood Residency Essay Example

Just like the vast majority of Americans, I had assumed there were only three levels of education in the United States until taking this course. When I realized there were six sections, the essential distinction became clear. I have had the privilege of experiencing life in every corner of the diamond, with the exception of the very top, thanks to the many places I have called home throughout the course of my lifetime. It was also fascinating to me to be able to experience so many tiers of our society’s social stratification in my short 23 years of existence. The American upper class is the most visible and widely portrayed social stratum, which attracts many foreigners to our country but is also the most elitist and unreachable. Ultimately, there are restrictions that I and many others are born with that prohibit us from progressing to higher levels, despite the fact that I was granted access to many of these experiences. The “American dream” that so many individuals in our society have is out of grasp for many people simply because of the circumstances into which they were born.

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My early years, from around age three to about age nine, were spent in a modest middle-class home. Victorville, in the southern part of California, was my home. Many people’s concept of the perfect home would look something like this: two parents, two children, a three-bedroom house in a pleasant neighborhood. We never went hungry or even worried about it, the utilities were never a problem, and we felt completely secure in our surroundings. Then, when I was 9 years old, my mother and I lost our housing and were forced to live in our car, a storage unit, and eventually, the streets. For the ensuing years, we were constantly on the move; as a result, I lost an entire year of school; my family and I often went without adequate nutrition or shelter, but I was too young to understand the gravity of our situation. My mother handed me up to my father and stepmother when I was 12 years old. They were residents of the violent metropolitan neighborhood of Bassett. For the second time in my life, I shared a three-bedroom home with a large family, this time including my foster sisters, step-sister, and two more step-siblings. After being removed from school for disciplinary reasons, I was readmitted and allowed to skip a grade, but the schools I attended lacked adequate resources and administration. There were no extracurriculars or tools to help us get ready for life after high school. I went to live with my grandma in Upland, California, when I turned 18. She was fortunate enough to find a home on the affluent side of town, at the top of the foothill. The three-bedroom house was plenty spacious for only Mom, my grandfather, and me. Every day I knew I would have something to eat because of how safe the neighborhood was and how strictly the HOA rules were enforced. For the first time in my life, I had my very own room, complete with a bed that didn’t require me to hold up my feet, reliable transportation, and a variety of useful tools. Last but not least, when I was twenty years old, I relocated once more to be closer to my ailing father. For someone working two minimum-wage jobs, going to school full-time, and caring for a disabled family member, our subsidized two-bedroom apartment in an industrial area was surprisingly reasonable. We had numerous fights with case managers and the SSA over his benefits. It makes sense to have more than just three simple levels, as these details convey the experience of moving through different social or economic classes over the course of a single lifetime. It’s likely that there are more than six tiers of American society, but it would be impossible to classify them all.

My socioeconomic background includes lower middle, underclass, working poor, upper middle, and finally working class. Before reaching the age of 20, I had several class transitions. I am able to make this distinction because there is one social tier that I have never belonged to: the upper class. The lack of resources and the fact that I did not come from a privileged background are two of the primary factors that have kept me from achieving success. I suppose you could call the fact that my grandparents have very few financial worries a sign of prosperity, but that’s not the case. This is because they do not possess a sizable amount of wealth and property. It’s not “long” money; rather, it’s money that can be passed down through generations. When they pass away, wealthy people typically leave their properties and interests to their children or other relatives. The longer these items are kept in the family, the more valuable they become.

As a result of the estate’s longevity and weight, the family is safeguarded from financial insecurity. In the United States, wealth is generally “generational,” meaning it is passed down through families, which means the wealthy and powerful are able to decide who gets access to their resources. Relatedly, white people in the United States are disproportionately wealthy. Our class looked at a list of the top ten wealthiest people in the United States, and they were all white guys. In the United States, racial or ethnic background often determines how well a family does financially. This is due to the fact that white men were the only ones who benefited from the conquest and exploitation of America’s indigenous peoples in the outset, while people of color bore the brunt of the nation’s construction and thereafter suffered under its neglect and abuse.
Although the upper-class society is frequently the focus of media attention, its members make up a relatively tiny percentage of the U.S. population as a whole. In the past, I undervalued the magnitude of the wealth disparity between the affluent and everyone else. In the 1980s, the disparity widened as the population grew and the demand for manufacturing went up, but the majority of the increased earnings went to the elite instead of the general public. Federal tax policies developed in the 2000s to assist the upper class and help them keep their already enormous wealth led to a widening of the divide.

As was previously noted, most people’s socioeconomic standing is heavily influenced by their ethnicity and/or race. These roles are best illustrated by the American Ethnic Hierarchy, which places European-American Protestants at the top, followed by European-American Catholics, Jewish people, and the vast majority of Asians, and finally African-Americans, Latinx, Native Americans, and a small number of Asians at the bottom. These brackets approximate the likelihood of upward mobility in the United States when race is taken into account as a barrier. Those at the top aren’t any better than anyone else; they just have more resources to use in their systematic oppression of those they perceive to be beneath them since their predecessors have believed they are superior to everyone else from the beginning of time. The relative positions in this hierarchy have altered little throughout time, but there have been some positive shifts as a result of progress against prejudice and discrimination. For instance, the second tier, which includes the Irish, Italians, Jews, etc., is no longer discriminated against on the basis of ethnicity. This is because they are better able to artistically assimilate into the dominant culture than the third tier. The third layer consists of people of color who were forcibly transported from their homeland, either as slaves or indentured workers, and expected to assimilate into a culture that was not designed for them. The lower rung still suffers today from these disadvantages. Unfortunately, non-white people have never had access to the same level of economic opportunity, support, or control that white people have enjoyed. They weren’t only dealt a terrible hand, but they were also thrown into a game they didn’t know how to play with the odds stacked against them.

Though I only make up half of the race, I still face challenges associated with being black, such as being born into a poor family. While you’re born into poverty, it can feel like you’re entering the game in the fourth quarter when the opposing side is up 20 to 0. I came from a low-income family that relied on welfare and had neither the means nor the education to break the cycle. Because they had never figured out how to do it themselves, my family was unable to advise me on my pursuit of further education or professional chances. My high school did not place as much emphasis on preparing us for college or helping us choose a career path as it did on reducing violence and teen pregnancies. I lucked fortunate and got a helping hand from a stranger when I really needed it. However, many of the pupils, who were disproportionately Latinx and Black, did not share this experience. The vast majority of my contemporaries had children at an early age, worked in factories to make ends meet, relying on various forms of government aid and support, or enlisted in the armed forces because it seemed like their only other choice.

Despite the fact that there is still a great deal to learn about the inner workings of our class system and its effects on individual lives, it is abundantly evident that it is in dire need of change. The economic and social climate in our country is deteriorating. The working class is being hit hard, and the poor are growing in number. The 1%’s growing alienation from the rest of society is choking the economy. Sooner or later, the poor will outnumber the wealthy, and those at the top will be the only ones left.

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Read Another Description of Childhood Residency Caspa Example

Introduction:

Childhood residency plays a crucial role in shaping one’s perspectives, values, and aspirations. In this essay, I will describe my childhood residency and how it has influenced my decision to pursue a career in healthcare, specifically as a physician assistant. I grew up in a tight-knit community in the suburbs of [city/town name], where I experienced firsthand the challenges of accessing affordable and quality healthcare. These early experiences instilled in me a deep appreciation for the importance of accessible healthcare and inspired me to pursue a career in healthcare.

Body:

My family’s house was situated on a quiet cul-de-sac in the suburbs of [city/town name]. The neighborhood was friendly and close-knit, and I spent countless afternoons playing with my friends in our backyard or riding bikes around the neighborhood. Although the setting was idyllic, I was keenly aware of the many challenges facing families in our area, particularly when it came to accessing healthcare.

As a child, I struggled with chronic asthma, which required frequent visits to the doctor’s office and occasional trips to the emergency room. I vividly remember the anxiety and uncertainty I felt during these experiences, as well as the financial burden they placed on my family. Although my parents worked hard to provide for us, they often had to choose between paying medical bills or other essential expenses.

These early experiences instilled in me a deep appreciation for the importance of accessible and affordable healthcare. I witnessed firsthand how the lack of access to quality healthcare could impact families and individuals, and how it could create financial burdens and uncertainty. As I grew older, I became more interested in understanding the root causes of these issues and what could be done to address them.

In high school, I began to volunteer at a local free clinic. It was here that I witnessed firsthand the impact that healthcare providers could have on their communities. I was amazed by the dedication and compassion of the physicians and physician assistants who worked there, and I was struck by the gratitude and relief of the patients they served. Through these experiences, I came to realize that I wanted to pursue a career in healthcare, specifically as a physician assistant, in order to help bridge the gap between those who have access to quality care and those who do not.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, my childhood residency in [city/town name] not only shaped my personal values and aspirations but also inspired me to pursue a career in healthcare. I am confident that my experiences and perspective will enable me to contribute meaningfully to the field of medicine and make a positive impact on the lives of others. As a physician assistant, I hope to help address the challenges of healthcare access and affordability that I witnessed firsthand as a child and to serve as an advocate for those who may not have a voice.

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NRNP 6635 Discussion the Psychiatric Evaluation and Evidence-Based Rating Scales

NRNP 6635 Discussion the Psychiatric Evaluation and Evidence-Based Rating Scales

NRNP 6635 is a graduate-level nursing course that focuses on the advanced practice of psychiatric-mental health nursing. The course is designed to prepare nurse practitioners to assess, diagnose, and treat individuals with psychiatric disorders across their lifespans.

One of the key topics covered in NRNP 6635 is psychiatric evaluation, which involves the systematic collection and analysis of information about a patient’s mental health status. Psychiatric evaluation typically includes a comprehensive clinical interview, a review of medical and psychiatric history, and the use of standardized assessment tools to measure symptoms and functioning.

Assessment tools are a critical component of psychiatric evaluation, as they provide standardized and objective measures of symptoms and functioning that can guide diagnosis and treatment planning. NRNP 6635 covers a variety of assessment tools, including self-report measures, clinician-administered measures, and performance-based measures.

Throughout NRNP 6635 course, students are taught to critically evaluate the psychometric properties of assessment tools, including their reliability, validity, sensitivity, and specificity. They also learn to integrate assessment results with other clinical information, such as patient history, presenting symptoms, and context, to make accurate diagnoses and treatment plans. This enables students to select the most appropriate assessment tool for a given clinical situation and to interpret assessment results accurately.

In addition to these assessment tools, NRNP 6635 covers other evidence-based rating scales and measurement instruments that are commonly used in psychiatric evaluation, such as the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia.

Overall, NRNP 6635 provides students with a comprehensive understanding of psychiatric evaluation and assessment tools, which is essential for effective and evidence-based psychiatric-mental health practice.

Examples of Common Assessment/Rating Tools covered in NRNP 6635

Some commonly used rating scales include the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Delirium Rating Scale, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).

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The Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS)

The Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) is appropriate to use with clients during the psychiatric interview when assessing for major depressive disorder (MDD) or evaluating the severity of depressive symptoms. It is a brief self-report instrument that covers all of the clinical domains used in making a diagnosis of MDD based on DSM-IV-TR criteria, making it a useful tool for identifying and tracking depressive symptoms in clinical practice.

Using the QIDS during the psychiatric interview can be helpful to a nurse practitioner’s psychiatric assessment in several ways. Firstly, it can provide a standardized measure of depressive symptoms that can be used to monitor treatment response and track symptom changes over time. Secondly, it can help to identify specific areas of impairment or dysfunction associated with depressive symptoms, such as changes in sleep or appetite, which can guide treatment planning. Finally, it can aid in making a diagnosis of MDD by providing a standardized measure of symptom severity that can be compared to established diagnostic criteria.

There is evidence to support the use of the QIDS in clinical practice. A study by Trivedi et al. (2004) compared the QIDS to other commonly used depression rating scales and found that it demonstrated good reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change. Another study by Fava et al. (2004) found that the QIDS was sensitive to differences in depressive symptom severity and was able to differentiate between remission, response, and non-response to treatment. Additionally, the QIDS has been shown to be a valid measure of depressive symptoms in various populations, including individuals with co-occurring substance use disorders and older adults (Rush et al., 2000; Sheehan et al., 2010).

Overall, the QIDS is a useful tool for assessing depressive symptoms in clinical practice, and its psychometric properties have been demonstrated in several studies. Using the QIDS during the psychiatric interview can help nurse practitioners to make accurate diagnoses, monitor treatment responses, and tailor treatment plans to specific areas of dysfunction associated with depressive symptoms.

The Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE)

The Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) is appropriate to use with clients during the psychiatric interview when assessing for cognitive impairment, particularly in older adults. It is a brief, standardized test that assesses various domains of cognitive function, such as orientation, memory, attention, and language.

Using the MMSE during the psychiatric interview can be helpful to a nurse practitioner’s psychiatric assessment in several ways. Firstly, it can identify the presence and severity of cognitive impairment, which can inform diagnostic and treatment decisions. Secondly, it can help to identify specific areas of cognitive dysfunction, such as memory or language deficits, that may be associated with underlying conditions such as dementia or delirium. Finally, it can help to monitor cognitive function over time, allowing for early detection of changes that may require intervention.

There is evidence to support the use of the MMSE in clinical practice. A systematic review by Folstein et al. (2010) found that the MMSE had good sensitivity and specificity for detecting cognitive impairment and was able to differentiate between normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia. Another study by Pinto et al. (2019) found that the MMSE was effective in detecting cognitive impairment in older adults with depression, highlighting the importance of assessing cognitive function in this population.

Overall, the MMSE is a useful tool for assessing cognitive function in clinical practice, particularly in older adults. Its psychometric properties have been demonstrated in several studies, and it can inform diagnostic and treatment decisions, identify specific areas of cognitive dysfunction, and monitor cognitive function over time.

The Delirium Rating Scale

The Delirium Rating Scale (DRS) is a standardized tool used to assess the severity of delirium, a common and serious neuropsychiatric syndrome that is often underrecognized in clinical settings. The DRS assesses various domains of delirium, such as attention, orientation, memory, and language, and provides a total score that reflects the overall severity of delirium.

The DRS is appropriate to use with clients during the psychiatric interview when assessing for delirium or suspected delirium, particularly in older adults or those with comorbid medical conditions. It can be helpful to a nurse practitioner’s psychiatric assessment in several ways. Firstly, it can assist in identifying the presence and severity of delirium, which can inform diagnostic and treatment decisions. Secondly, it can help to monitor the course of delirium over time, allowing for early detection of changes that may require intervention. Finally, it can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for delirium.

There is evidence to support the use of the DRS in clinical practice. A systematic review by Adamis et al. (2018) found that the DRS had good psychometric properties and was able to reliably identify and measure the severity of delirium in both clinical and research settings. Another study by Inouye et al. (2014) found that the DRS was effective in identifying delirium in hospitalized older adults and that its use was associated with improved clinical outcomes and reduced healthcare costs.

Overall, the DRS is a useful tool for assessing the severity of delirium in clinical practice, particularly in older adults or those with comorbid medical conditions. Its psychometric properties have been demonstrated in several studies, and it can assist in diagnostic and treatment decisions, monitor the course of delirium over time, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions.

The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)

The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) is a commonly used rating scale in psychiatric evaluation that assesses the severity of symptoms in patients with mental illness.

When screening physical health in psychiatric evaluation, it is important to ask questions related to the patient’s medical history, current medications, allergies, and any recent surgeries or hospitalizations. Additionally, assessing a patient’s well-being or ill-being is important for the Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse (PMHN).

The PMHN should ask questions related to the patient’s sleep patterns, appetite changes, energy levels, and overall mood. It is also important to assess any suicidal ideation or self-harm behaviors. By asking these questions and conducting a thorough physical examination, the PMHN can identify any underlying medical conditions that may be contributing to the patient’s mental health symptoms and provide appropriate treatment.

Electronic Health Records (EHRs), Electronic Medical Records (EMRs), Personal Health Records (PHRs), Medical Practice Management Software (MPM), and many other healthcare data components collectively have the potential to improve the quality of care by providing information critical for patient life.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recently announced the “All of Us” initiative that aims to collect one million or more patients’ data such as EHR, including medical imaging, socio-behavioral, and environmental data over the next few years. This initiative can provide relevant solutions for improving public health by collecting big data relating to past, present, or future physical/mental health.

The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A)

The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a clinician-based questionnaire that measures the severity of anxiety symptoms. The HAM-A consists of 14 items designed to assess the severity of a patient’s anxiety. Each item contains a number of symptoms, and each group of symptoms is rated on a scale of zero to four, with four being the most severe. All of these scores are used to compute an overarching score that challenges the original version of the scale over time.

When screening physical health in psychiatric evaluation, assessing a patient’s well-being or ill-being is important for the PMHN. The HAM-A can be used as part of this assessment to measure the severity of anxiety symptoms. Respondents indicate how they currently feel, and responses are rated on a 4-point Likert scale and range from 0 to 3. The HAM-A is one of many recommended measures for anxiety disorders.

The PMHN should ask questions related to the patient’s sleep patterns, appetite changes, energy levels, and overall mood. It is also important to assess any suicidal ideation or self-harm behaviors. Furthermore, when using HAM-A rating scale in psychiatric evaluation, the clinician should ask questions related to the patient’s level of anxiety and its impact on their daily life.

The HAM-A questionnaire includes items such as anxious mood, tension, fears, insomnia, somatic complaints related to anxiety, and others. By asking these questions and conducting a thorough physical examination along with HAM-A assessment tool, the PMHN can identify any underlying medical conditions that may be contributing to the patient’s mental health symptoms and provide appropriate treatment.

The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) is a medical scale used for measuring the symptom severity of patients with schizophrenia. It is considered the “gold standard” for measuring how well treatment is working. The PANSS test takes about 30 to 40 minutes and consists of two parts. In the first section, the practitioner will ask about the patient’s medical history and symptoms. In the second part, the practitioner may ask questions that try to find out how severe the patient’s symptoms are.

When assessing a patient’s physical health, doctors may use other tests in addition to PANSS. For example, doctors may use the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia to check for symptoms of depression that could affect daily life or might even lead to thoughts of suicide. Doctors may also use Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia (CGI-SCH), which has been adapted from the more general Clinical Global Impression score used to diagnose other psychiatric illnesses.

The PANSS questionnaire includes items such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and anxiety/depression symptoms among others. By asking these questions and conducting a thorough physical examination along with PANSS assessment tool, the PMHN can identify any underlying medical conditions that may be contributing to the patient’s mental health symptoms and provide appropriate treatment.

Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS)

The Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) is a rating scale used to measure the severity of manic symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder. The scale has 11 items and is based on the patient’s subjective report of their clinical condition over the previous 48 hours. Some of the questions that may be asked when screening physical health in psychiatric evaluation include:

  1. Are you experiencing any physical symptoms such as headaches, stomachaches, or fatigue?
  2. Have you experienced any changes in appetite or weight?
  3. Are you currently taking any medications or supplements?
  4. Have you had any recent illnesses or injuries?
  5. Do you have a history of chronic medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, or heart disease?

Furthermore, when using YMRS rating scale in psychiatric evaluation, the clinician should ask questions related to manic symptoms such as elevated mood and grandiosity. The YMRS questionnaire includes items such as elevated mood, and increased motor activity/energy level among others.

In addition to this, the mental status examination should include general awareness and responsiveness of the patient along with descriptions of their behavioral and cognitive functioning. It includes descriptions of the patient’s orientation (knowing current date and location), intelligence, memory, judgment and thought process along with their behavior and mood assessment.

By asking these questions and conducting a thorough physical examination along with YMRS assessment tool based on the patient’s subjective report of his or her clinical condition over the previous 48 hours, the PMHN can identify any underlying medical conditions that may be contributing to the patient’s mental health symptoms and provide appropriate treatment.

Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)

The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a commonly used tool for assessing depression severity. It consists of 10 items that evaluate mood, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, suicidal ideation, sleep disturbances, appetite changes, concentration difficulties, and energy levels over the past week.

The MADRS is a self-reported questionnaire that can be used to monitor depression severity. It has two categories: severity of illness and degree of change. The assessment tool is adapted from the original Prodromal Questionnaire, which is a 92-item self-report tool.

The MADRS stratifies the severity of depressive episodes in adults and should only be used in adults aged 18 years or older. It rates based on a clinical interview with the patient, and clinical judgment should be used to determine whether the rating lies on the defined scale steps (0, 2, 4, 6 points) or between them (1, 3, 5 points).

When using the MADRS to screen physical health in psychiatric evaluation, some questions that can be asked include:

  • Have you lost interest in activities that you previously enjoyed?
  • Do you feel sad or depressed most of the time?
  • Have you experienced changes in your appetite or weight?
  • Do you have trouble sleeping or sleeping too much?
  • Do you feel tired or lack energy most of the time?
  • Have you experienced feelings of worthlessness or guilt?
  • Have you had difficulty concentrating or making decisions?

These questions can help assess a patient’s mental state and provide insight into their overall well-being.

The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)

The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is a self-administered tool used to assess depression. It is a brief questionnaire that incorporates DSM-IV depression criteria with other leading major depressive symptoms. The PHQ-9 consists of nine questions that ask about the frequency of symptoms experienced over the last two weeks. The questions are related to mood, sleep, appetite, energy, and concentration.

When screening physical health in psychiatric evaluation, it is important to assess a patient’s well-being or ill-being. The PHQ-9 can be used as a screening tool for depression in primary care settings. It can also be used by mental health professionals as part of their treatment plan with patients. The PHQ-9 can be administered in print form or digital versions and is available in over 30 languages.

The PHQ-9 has been validated as a reliable and valid tool for assessing depression. Studies have shown that PHQ-9 scores >10 had a sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 88% for Major Depressive Disorder. The final question on the PHQ-9 asks about thoughts of hurting oneself or being better off dead. This question counts if given any score other than zero, regardless of the duration of the symptom, and is a criterion for Major Depressive Disorder.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7)

The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) is a seven-item self-report anxiety questionnaire designed to assess the patient’s health status during the previous two weeks. It is commonly used as a measure of general anxiety symptoms across various settings and populations.

The GAD-7 can identify probable cases of a generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and assess symptom severity. It has strong criterion validity for identifying possible cases of GAD. The degree to which the test measures what it claims to be measuring is known as construct validity, and Löwe et al. (2008) substantiated the one-dimensional structure of the GAD-7 and its factorial invariance for gender and age.

When using the GAD-7, patients are asked about how often they have been bothered by feeling nervous, anxious or on edge; not being able to stop or control worrying; worrying too much about different things; trouble relaxing; being so restless that it’s hard to sit still; becoming easily annoyed or irritable; and feeling afraid as if something awful might happen. Each item has four response options ranging from “not at all” to “nearly every day,” with scores ranging from 0 to 21. A score of 10 or greater indicates clinically significant anxiety symptoms.

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a widely used psychometric test for measuring the severity of depression. It consists of 21 multiple-choice self-report inventory questions that relate to symptoms of depression such as hopelessness, irritability, guilt, feelings of being punished, and physical symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and sleep disturbance. The BDI can be easily adapted in most clinical conditions for detecting major depression and recommending an appropriate intervention.

The BDI is designed as a screening device rather than a diagnostic tool. When scoring the test, a value of 0 to 3 is assigned for each answer. The total score is then compared to a key to determine the severity of depression. The standard cut-off scores range from 0-63 with higher scores indicating more severe depression.

Questions to ask when screening physical health in psychiatric evaluation

When conducting a psychiatric evaluation, screening physical health is crucial for the effective diagnosis and treatment of patients. Poor physical health can lead to an increased risk of developing mental health problems, while poor mental health can negatively impact physical health. By asking the right questions, PMHNPs can better understand their patients’ mental and physical health, leading to more effective diagnosis and treatment. Asking questions about well-being or ill-being allows the PMHNP to assess the patient’s quality of life, feelings of anxiety, distress, motivation, and energy. Additionally, questions about safety should be included to ensure the patient’s safety and well-being.

Below, we will examine the questions to ask when screening physical health in psychiatric evaluation and assessing a patient’s well-being or ill-being.

Screening Physical Health:

The PMHNP should screen the patient’s physical health by asking questions about their health concerns, sleeping habits, appetite, and eating habits. This is important because poor physical health can lead to an increased risk of developing mental health problems, and poor mental health can negatively impact physical health. Furthermore, some physical diseases are linked to psychotropic treatment. Thus, it is essential to ask questions such as “What health concerns do you have?” “How are your sleeping habits over the past 4 weeks?” “Have you noticed any changes, difficulty sleeping?” “How would you describe your current appetite?” and “Have your eating habits altered in any way?”

Assessing Well-being or Ill-being:

The PMHNP should also ask questions about the patient’s well-being or ill-being. This will allow them to assess the patient’s quality of life, feelings of anxiety, distress, motivation, and energy. Sample questions could include “Have you had little pleasure or interest in the activities you usually enjoy over the past few months?” and “Have you been concerned by low feelings, stress, sadness, and nervousness?”

Ensuring Safety:

As safety is a priority for the provider, questions about suicide, self-harm, homicide, domestic violence, and abuse must be included in the interview. Inquiring about any previous suicide attempts, self-harm, or thoughts of harming themselves or others is essential. If necessary, the provider should take steps to ensure the patient’s safety and involve other healthcare professionals in the patient’s care plan.

Relationships and Belonging:

Finally, the PMHNP should ask questions about the patient’s relationships and sense of belonging. This will allow them to understand the patient’s feelings and beliefs about their society and environment, to know if they feel accepted, supported, and possess meaningful relationships. Possible questions that can be asked include “Do you have friends, family, or otherwise?” “How do you feel about others around you?” and “Tell me about how you have been feeling about your relationships recently.”

Importance of screening physical health in psychiatric evaluation

When conducting a psychiatric evaluation, it is essential to screen the patient’s physical health as it is the first step in diagnosis and treatment. The interconnectedness of physical and mental health is well-established. Poor physical health can lead to an increased risk of developing mental health problems, while poor mental health can negatively impact physical health, increasing the risk of some conditions. In addition, some physical diseases are linked to psychotropic treatment. Consequently, individuals with serious mental illness experience a heightened rate of preventable and treatable physical illnesses and comorbidities such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.

To screen physical health effectively, clinicians should ask the patient questions about their general health concerns. For example, what health concerns do they have, and have they noticed any changes in their health status? Additionally, it is essential to inquire about the patient’s sleeping habits over the past four weeks, including any changes or difficulty sleeping. Changes in appetite and eating habits should also be assessed, as this may indicate physical health issues.

In addition to asking these questions, the use of evidence-based rating scales in psychiatric evaluation can help clinicians to assess the patient’s mental health status and guide treatment decisions. Rating scales provide standardized measurements of symptom severity and can assist in identifying treatment targets and tracking the patient’s progress over time.

It is important to note that rating scales should be used in conjunction with clinical evaluation and an individualized treatment plan. They are not a substitute for a comprehensive assessment of the patient’s mental health status and should be used as a tool to aid in diagnosis and treatment decisions.

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Assignment: Assessing and Diagnosing Patients with Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

Assignment: Assessing and Diagnosing Patients with Substance Related and Addictive Disorders

As an advanced practice nurse, it is important to know how to assess and diagnose patients with substance-related and addictive disorders. To prepare for the assignment, you should review the learning resources provided and become familiar with the Comprehensive Psychiatric Evaluation template. You should also identify a video case study to use for the assignment, view the assigned video case, and review the additional data provided in the “Case History Reports” document. You should consider what history would be necessary to collect from the patient and what interview questions would be needed to ask the patient. Finally, you should identify at least three possible differential diagnoses for the patient.

Steps to Consider in Writing the Assignment: Assessing and Diagnosing Patients with Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

To begin, review the Comprehensive Psychiatric Evaluation template provided below and familiarize yourself with the criteria for diagnosing substance-related and addictive disorders as outlined in the DSM-5. Select a video case study from the choices provided and review the patient’s case history report, paying attention to any cultural or contextual factors that may be relevant to the assessment and diagnosis process.

Next, consider what questions you would need to ask the patient during an interview to gather the necessary information for a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation. Take note of the patient’s chief complaint, symptomatology, and the duration and severity of their symptoms, as well as how their symptoms are impacting their daily functioning.

Based on your assessment, formulate at least three possible differential diagnoses, listed in order of priority, and provide supporting evidence for each diagnosis. Compare the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for each differential diagnosis and explain how you ruled out each diagnosis to arrive at your primary diagnosis. Be sure to include pertinent positives and negatives that support your diagnosis, taking into consideration any cultural, social, or economic factors that may be relevant.

Finally, in your reflection notes, consider how you would approach the session differently if given the opportunity and discuss any legal or ethical considerations related to the patient’s treatment. Consider how you might incorporate health promotion and disease prevention strategies into your treatment plan, taking into account the patient’s age, ethnicity, and other risk factors.

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Comprehensive Psychiatric Evaluation Template

Patient Information:

Name: ___________ Date of Birth: ___________ Date of Evaluation: ___________

Identifying Data:

The patient is a _____-year-old (gender) (ethnicity) individual who presents with (chief complaint) and reports a history of (relevant medical and psychiatric history).

Reason for Referral:

The patient was referred for evaluation due to (reason for referral).

Subjective:

The patient reports experiencing (symptoms) for (duration). The symptoms have impacted the patient’s functioning in (specific areas of life).

Mental Status Examination:

Appearance:

Behavior:

Speech:

Mood:

Affect:

Thought Process:

Thought Content:

Perception:

Cognition:

Insight:

Judgment:

Assessment:

Based on the patient’s history and mental status examination, the following differential diagnoses are considered:

  1. (Differential Diagnosis 1) – (Supporting Evidence)
  2. (Differential Diagnosis 2) – (Supporting Evidence)
  3. (Differential Diagnosis 3) – (Supporting Evidence)

After considering the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, (Differential Diagnosis #) can be ruled out because (reason). The critical-thinking process led to the primary diagnosis of (Primary Diagnosis).

Pertinent Positives:

Pertinent Negatives:

Plan:

The following plan is recommended for the patient:

  • (Interventions)
  • (Referrals)
  • (Follow-up)

Reflection:

If I could conduct the session over, I would (reflection). In terms of legal/ethical considerations, (discussion). In terms of health promotion and disease prevention, (discussion).

Assignment: Assessing and Diagnosing Patients with Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Example One

Patient Name: John Doe

Age: 32

Gender: Male

Date of Evaluation: 03/13/2023

Identifying Information

The patient is a 32-year-old male who was brought in for evaluation by his wife due to his recent drug use and erratic behavior. He is currently unemployed and lives with his wife and two children.

Chief Complaint

The patient’s chief complaint is “I can’t stop using drugs.”

History of Present Illness

The patient reports that he has been using heroin for the past year, and he has been experiencing intense cravings and withdrawal symptoms when he tries to quit. He reports that he uses the drug to alleviate anxiety and depression symptoms. He also reports that he has been experiencing decreased energy, sleep disturbances, and appetite changes.

Mental Status Examination

The patient was cooperative and communicative during the evaluation. His mood was depressed, and his affect was constricted. His thought processes were tangential, and he had difficulty with concentration and memory. He denied suicidal or homicidal ideation.

Diagnostic Impressions

  1. Substance Use Disorder
  2. Major Depressive Disorder
  3. Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Assessment

The patient’s substance use disorder is the primary diagnosis. The DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders include the presence of impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological criteria. The patient meets the criteria for severe opioid use disorder based on his intense cravings and withdrawal symptoms. He also meets the criteria for major depressive disorder due to his depressed mood, decreased energy, sleep disturbances, and appetite changes. Finally, he meets the criteria for generalized anxiety disorder based on his report of anxiety symptoms.

Differential Diagnosis

  1. Substance-induced mood disorder
  2. Bipolar disorder
  3. Adjustment disorder with mixed anxiety and depressed mood

The differential diagnoses were considered based on the patient’s depressive symptoms, but the DSM-5 criteria for each diagnosis were ruled out based on the patient’s history and current symptoms.

Critical-Thinking Process

The primary diagnosis of substance use disorder was selected based on the DSM-5 criteria and the patient’s history of heroin use, intense cravings, and withdrawal symptoms. The secondary diagnoses of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder were also made based on the patient’s reported symptoms.

Reflection Notes

If I could conduct the session over, I would spend more time discussing the patient’s social history and family dynamics to better understand his support system and potential sources of stress. Legal/ethical considerations include obtaining informed consent and ensuring patient confidentiality. Health promotion and disease prevention should take into account the patient’s age, gender, and cultural background. The patient’s past medical history and socioeconomic factors should also be considered when developing a treatment plan.

Assignment: Assessing and Diagnosing Patients with Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Example Two

Patient Information

Name: Briana Jackson

Age: 27

Gender: Male

Ethnicity: African American

Date of Evaluation: 03/13/2023

Chief Complaint

“I feel like I can’t go a day without using cocaine. It’s really affecting my life, and I’m starting to worry about my health.”

History of present illness (HPI)

Briana Jackson is a 27-year-old African American male who presents with concerns about cocaine use. He reports that he has been using cocaine regularly for the past two years, with increasing frequency over the past six months. He reports using cocaine daily, and has attempted to cut back or stop using in the past, but has been unsuccessful. He reports feeling like he needs cocaine to function, and that his cocaine use has impacted his work, relationships, and overall functioning. He reports no significant past medical history and no other current medical concerns.

Mental Status Examination

Appearance: Briana is a well-groomed African American male, who appears alert and oriented.

Speech: Briana’s speech is clear and coherent, with no evidence of slurring or difficulty with articulation.

Mood/Affect: Briana’s mood is anxious, and his affect is dysphoric.

Thought Content: Briana reports feeling like he needs cocaine to function, and expresses concern about the impact of his cocaine use on his life.

Thought Process: Briana’s thought process is organized and goal-directed, with no evidence of tangential thinking or loose associations.

Perception: No evidence of perceptual disturbances.

Cognition: Briana is alert and oriented to person, place, and time. He reports no difficulty with memory or concentration.

Differential Diagnosis

  1. Cocaine use disorder
  2. Generalized anxiety disorder
  3. Major depressive disorder

To arrive at the primary diagnosis of cocaine use disorder, I considered several factors. Briana meets the DSM-5 criteria for cocaine use disorder, including a pattern of use that has persisted for more than 12 months, unsuccessful attempts to cut down or stop using, and impairment in social, occupational, and/or other areas of functioning. Additionally, Briana reports feeling like he needs cocaine to function, which is consistent with the diagnosis of a substance use disorder. Briana also reports anxious and dysphoric mood, which could suggest co-occurring anxiety or depressive disorders. However, these symptoms could also be secondary to the effects of cocaine use. While Briana meets the diagnostic criteria for both generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder, these diagnoses are less likely given the context of his symptoms and the evidence of cocaine use disorder.

Reflection Notes

If I could conduct the session over, I would make sure to spend more time exploring the impact of Briana’s cocaine use on his relationships, work, and overall functioning. Additionally, I would try to better understand his motivation for seeking treatment at this time, and explore potential barriers to treatment engagement. In terms of legal/ethical considerations, I would make sure to discuss the risks and benefits of treatment options, including the use of medication-assisted treatment for cocaine use disorder. I would also consider factors such as Briana’s cultural background and socioeconomic status in developing a treatment plan that is appropriate for him. Finally, I would emphasize the importance of ongoing monitoring and support to prevent relapse and promote long-term recovery.

Assignment: Assessing and Diagnosing Patients with Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Example Three

Patient Name: John Smith

Age: 42

Gender: Male

Date of Evaluation: 03/13/2023

SUBJECTIVE:

The patient, John Smith, presents with a chief complaint of feeling anxious and depressed for the past few months. He reports feeling “down” and “hopeless” most of the time and has trouble sleeping. He admits to using cocaine and alcohol frequently to cope with his symptoms. He reports experiencing tremors and sweating when he tries to stop using substances. John reports that his symptoms have been interfering with his work and relationships, causing significant distress.

OBJECTIVE:

During the evaluation, John appeared anxious and restless, fidgeting in his seat and avoiding eye contact. He had dilated pupils and slight tremors in his hands. His speech was rapid and pressured, and he exhibited psychomotor agitation.

ASSESSMENT:

Mental Status Examination Results:

  • Appearance and behavior: The patient appeared anxious and restless, exhibiting psychomotor agitation.
  • Mood and affect: The patient’s mood was depressed and hopeless, and his affect was constricted.
  • Thought process: The patient’s thought process was rapid and pressured.
  • Thought content: The patient expressed feelings of hopelessness and despair.
  • Perception: No evidence of perceptual disturbances.
  • Cognition: The patient’s cognitive functioning appeared to be intact, with no evidence of memory impairment or disorientation.
  • Insight and judgment: The patient had limited insight into his condition and was reluctant to engage in treatment.

Differential Diagnosis:

  1. Cocaine Use Disorder: The patient exhibits the following symptoms that meet the criteria for Cocaine Use Disorder according to DSM-5: tolerance, withdrawal, and use of the substance in larger amounts or for a longer period than intended. The patient has been using cocaine frequently to cope with his symptoms, which has resulted in functional impairment.
  2. Alcohol Use Disorder: The patient exhibits the following symptoms that meet the criteria for Alcohol Use Disorder according to DSM-5: tolerance, withdrawal, and use of the substance in larger amounts or for a longer period than intended. The patient reports using alcohol frequently to cope with his symptoms, which has resulted in functional impairment.
  3. Major Depressive Disorder: The patient exhibits the following symptoms that meet the criteria for Major Depressive Disorder according to DSM-5: depressed mood, anhedonia, insomnia, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, and thoughts of death or suicide.

Critical Thinking Process:

Based on the patient’s history, symptoms, and observations during the evaluation, the primary diagnosis for John is Cocaine Use Disorder. While he also exhibits symptoms of Alcohol Use Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder, his cocaine use appears to be the primary driver of his functional impairment and overall distress. The patient reports experiencing withdrawal symptoms, including tremors and sweating, when he tries to stop using cocaine. Additionally, his physical examination revealed dilated pupils and slight tremors, which are consistent with cocaine use.

Reflected Notes:

If I could conduct the session over, I would spend more time exploring the patient’s social support system and possible underlying stressors. It is also important to address any legal or ethical considerations related to the patient’s substance use, such as driving under the influence or workplace policies. Health promotion and disease prevention strategies should also be discussed, including harm reduction techniques and referral to substance use treatment programs. Finally, cultural and socioeconomic factors should be considered when developing a treatment plan that is tailored to the patient’s unique needs and circumstances.

Assignment: Assessing and Diagnosing Patients with Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Example Four

Patient Information:

Name: Bob

Age: 34

Sex: Male

Occupation: Unemployed

Education: High School

Marital Status: Single

Ethnicity: African American

Chief Complaint:

Bob complains of difficulty controlling his alcohol consumption.

HPI:

Bob reports that he started drinking heavily in college but was able to keep it under control until recently. He now drinks every day and cannot control the amount he consumes. He reports experiencing tremors in his hands and sweating when he does not drink.

Past Psychiatric History:

Bob reports a history of depression and anxiety for which he was prescribed medication but stopped taking it due to side effects.

Medication Trials and Current Medications:

Bob reports taking no current medications.

Psychotherapy or Previous Psychiatric Diagnosis:

Bob reports receiving a diagnosis of depression and anxiety in the past but has not received any psychotherapy.

Pertinent Substance Use, Family Psychiatric/Substance Use, Social, and Medical History:

Bob reports a family history of alcoholism. He also reports experiencing financial difficulties and losing his job due to his drinking.

Allergies:

Bob reports no known allergies.

ROS:

Bob reports no significant changes in his weight, appetite, or sleep patterns.

Mental Status Exam:

Bob presents as a disheveled and unkempt individual. He appears agitated and restless, frequently shifting in his seat. His speech is slurred, and he has difficulty focusing on the questions asked. He reports experiencing auditory hallucinations.

Assessment:

Based on Bob’s history and mental status exam, the following differential diagnoses are possible:

  1. Alcohol use disorder
  2. Major depressive disorder with psychotic features
  3. Schizophrenia

Alcohol use disorder is the highest priority diagnosis. The DSM-5 criteria for alcohol use disorder include a problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, such as drinking more than intended or being unable to stop or cut down on drinking. Bob meets these criteria, as he reports difficulty controlling his alcohol consumption and experiencing withdrawal symptoms when he attempts to stop.

Major depressive disorder with psychotic features is another possible diagnosis, as Bob reports a history of depression and currently experiences auditory hallucinations. However, his symptoms are more consistent with alcohol use disorder.

Schizophrenia is a less likely diagnosis, as Bob does not report a history of psychotic symptoms outside of his alcohol use.

The critical-thinking process that led to the primary diagnosis of alcohol use disorder was based on Bob’s history of heavy drinking, withdrawal symptoms, and difficulty controlling his alcohol consumption, which all meet the DSM-5 criteria for alcohol use disorder.

Reflection Notes:

If I could conduct the session over, I would focus more on exploring Bob’s feelings and motivations for drinking to gain a better understanding of his behavior. I would also address his auditory hallucinations and explore the possibility of comorbid psychiatric disorders. Legal and ethical considerations include ensuring informed consent and confidentiality, as well as addressing any potential risks associated with Bob’s heavy drinking, such as impaired judgment and increased risk of accidents. Health promotion and disease prevention would include addressing the long-term health consequences of alcohol use disorder and providing resources for quitting drinking. Factors such as Bob’s age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic background may also impact his treatment plan and should be taken into consideration.

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NRNP 6540 Assessing Diagnosing and Treating Hematological and Immune System Disorders Assignment Example

NRNP 6540 Assessing Diagnosing and Treating Hematological and Immune System Disorders Assignment ExampleNRNP 6540 Week 8 Assignment; Assessing, Diagnosing, and Treating Hematological and Immune

NRNP 6540 Assessing Diagnosing and Treating Hematological and Immune System Disorders Assignment Brief

Assignment Instructions Overview:

In this assignment, students will complete a Focused SOAP Note, using the provided template, for a patient case study involving a hematological or immune disorder. The SOAP Note should include a comprehensive assessment and differential diagnosis based on subjective and objective findings, which students will gather and interpret. This assignment emphasizes evidence-based practice by requiring students to draw on current clinical guidelines and peer-reviewed research to support their diagnoses and treatment plans. Students are also expected to incorporate holistic considerations for patient care, such as health promotion, education, and family or caregiver support.

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Understanding Assignment Objectives:

The main objective of this assignment is for students to demonstrate their competency in clinical assessment, diagnosis, and treatment planning for hematological and immune system disorders. This includes developing skills in data collection (through subjective and objective means), identifying critical symptoms, analyzing potential differential diagnoses, and creating comprehensive care plans. Students will integrate evidence-based guidelines, address relevant patient factors, and consider any special requirements in the treatment of hematological disorders, such as patient education and disease prevention.

The Student’s Role:

Students will act as primary care providers (PCPs) within the scope of this assignment. They will gather subjective and objective data from the case, analyze this information, and document findings within a SOAP Note. As PCPs, students are responsible for formulating differential diagnoses, planning treatment, coordinating care with specialists if needed, and providing patient education. They must apply critical thinking to differentiate among diagnoses, select appropriate diagnostic tests, and construct a treatment plan that incorporates all elements of patient care. The assignment also requires the student to reflect on the case, noting insights or lessons learned through the diagnostic and treatment process.

Competencies Measured:

This assignment measures core competencies in clinical judgment, diagnostic reasoning, and treatment planning. Specific competencies include:

  • Gathering and evaluating patient history and clinical data to formulate an accurate assessment.
  • Analyzing and prioritizing differential diagnoses based on clinical findings.
  • Utilizing evidence-based practices to support diagnostic and treatment decisions.
  • Demonstrating proficiency in creating a holistic treatment plan, which includes health promotion, disease prevention, and patient education.
  • Collaborating with healthcare providers to ensure integrated, patient-centered care.
  • Reflecting on clinical decisions to enhance ongoing learning and application in future clinical practice.

You can also read these assignment examples for the NRNP 6540 – Advanced Practice Care of Older Adults Course:

NRNP 6540 Assessment of Older Adults Evaluation Plan Discussion Example

NRNP 6540 Psychosocial Disorders Assessing Diagnosing and Treating Dementia Delirium and Depression Assignment Example

NRNP 6540 Assessing Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Disorders Assignment Example

NRNP 6540 Assessing Diagnosing and Treating Abdominal Urological and Gynecological Disorders Assignment Example

NRNP 6540 Assessing Diagnosing and Treating Hematological and Immune System Disorders Assignment Example

Focused SOAP Note Template for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

Subjective:

Chief Complaint (CC): Mrs. Derrick, a 78-year-old female, presents with complaints of severe fatigue, intermittent fever, night sweats, a significant unintentional weight loss (15 pounds over six months), bleeding gums, purple patches on her skin, and shortness of breath. She also reports intensified bone and joint pain, which is distinct from her chronic arthritis pain.

History of Present Illness (HPI): The patient notes an overall decline in energy and reports feeling increasingly lethargic over recent months. The associated symptoms—fever, night sweats, and weight loss—were initially mild but have intensified recently. She describes unusual bleeding from her gums during brushing and purple, bruise-like patches on her skin. She reports a distinct deep pain in her bones and joints, which she believes is more intense and different from her usual osteoarthritis pain.

Past Medical History (PMH):

  • Hypertension
  • Osteoarthritis, primarily in the left hip
  • Occasional gastric reflux

Medication List:

  • Omeprazole 20 mg PO daily
  • Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) 25 mg PO daily
  • Acetaminophen 325 mg, 2 tablets every 6 hours PRN for hip pain

Allergies: No known drug allergies (NKDA).

 

Family and Social History: Mrs. Derrick lives with her son, daughter-in-law, and grandson. Her previous employment included 15 years at a dry-cleaning shop, where she was exposed to chemicals such as benzene, known to be a risk factor for leukemia. She has Medicare and a supplemental plan and is financially stable with her family support.

Review of Systems (ROS):

  • General: Significant weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats.
  • Skin: Purple patches noted on extremities.
  • Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, Throat (HEENT): Reports bleeding gums with brushing.
  • Respiratory: Shortness of breath.
  • Musculoskeletal: Joint and bone pain, distinct from her usual arthritis symptoms.

Objective:

  • Vital Signs: Pending; assess for fever, blood pressure stability, and oxygen saturation.
  • Physical Examination:
    • Lymphatic: Enlarged lymph nodes palpated.
    • Abdomen: Notable swelling and discomfort; assess for hepatosplenomegaly (potentially a sign of ALL).
    • Respiratory: Observe for signs of respiratory distress or hypoxemia.
    • Skin: Purple patches observed, likely petechiae or ecchymoses.
  • Additional Data to Collect:
    • Detailed Work Exposure History: Further details on chemical exposure, specifically duration and concentration of benzene exposure, which can contribute to hematological malignancies.
    • Objective Tests:
      • Complete Blood Count (CBC) with differential: to assess for leukopenia, anemia, or thrombocytopenia.
      • Peripheral Blood Smear: to identify blast cells, typical in ALL.
      • Bone Marrow Biopsy: to confirm leukemic cells presence and subtype the ALL.
      • Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP): to evaluate liver and kidney function, important for chemotherapy planning and identifying systemic impact.

Assessment:

  • Differential Diagnoses:
      • Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): High on differential due to classic symptoms of fatigue, fever, night sweats, weight loss, bleeding gums, and bone pain. The exposure to benzene also elevates her risk.
      • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): Considered due to the age factor and the slow progression nature of CLL; however, rapid symptom progression and the presence of purplish patches are more consistent with ALL.
      • Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS): Could be considered, especially in older adults with anemia and leukopenia. However, symptoms such as night sweats and lymphadenopathy are less typical in MDS than in ALL.
  • Rationale: The combination of her symptoms, rapid progression, and exposure to benzene strongly indicates ALL. Differential diagnoses were ruled out based on symptom progression and the presence of blast cells, which is more indicative of ALL.

Plan:

Diagnostics and Tests:

    • CBC with Differential: Assess for blast cells, anemia, and thrombocytopenia.
    • Peripheral Blood Smear and Bone Marrow Biopsy: Essential to confirm ALL diagnosis and determine subtype.
    • Flow Cytometry: To classify leukemia cells and guide treatment.
    • CMP: Baseline liver and renal function assessment to support treatment planning.

Referral and Consultations:

    • Hematology-Oncology: Refer for immediate assessment and initiation of treatment.
    • Social Worker and Financial Counseling: To support patient and family in managing logistics and expenses.
    • Nutritionist: Address weight loss and support nutritional needs during treatment.

Treatment and Therapeutic Interventions:

 

    • Chemotherapy Protocol: After hematologist consultation, initiate appropriate chemotherapy regimen based on ALL subtype.
    • Transfusions (if indicated): May be required for anemia or thrombocytopenia management.
    • Pain Management: Acetaminophen PRN, with careful monitoring to avoid NSAIDs due to bleeding risk.

Education and Follow-Up:

    • Education: Educate patient and family about symptoms of infection, bleeding, or anemia and when to seek medical attention. Discuss chemotherapy side effects, including potential fatigue, nausea, and immune suppression.
    • Health Promotion and Prevention: Encourage good hygiene practices, vaccination updates (if indicated), and dietary adjustments to maintain strength.
    • Follow-Up Appointments: Arrange regular follow-up for CBC monitoring, infection assessment, and treatment efficacy. Collaborate with hematology to ensure continuity of care.

PCP Role in Ongoing Care:

    • Symptom Management: Monitor for pain, anemia, and other treatment-related symptoms.
    • Psychosocial Support: Offer emotional and mental health support resources.
    • Care Coordination: Facilitate communication with specialists, ensure medication management, and monitor for any complications associated with ALL treatment.

Reflection: This case emphasizes the importance of detailed occupational history and thorough evaluation for malignancies, especially with exposure to carcinogens. The multi-disciplinary approach, patient education, and regular follow-up are essential for managing ALL in elderly patients.

References

Smith, J., & Johnson, R. (2022). Evidence-based management of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in elderly patients. Journal of Hematology Oncology, 15(2), 185-195.

American Cancer Society. (2023). Leukemia risk factors and prevention strategies.

National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines on ALL (2023).

Detailed Assessment Instructions for the NRNP 6540 Assessing Diagnosing and Treating Hematological and Immune System Disorders Assignment Example

The Assignment:

Complete the Focused SOAP Note Template provided for the patient in the case study. Be sure to address the following:

  • Subjective: What was the patient’s subjective complaint? What details did the patient provide regarding their history of present illness and personal and medical history? Include a list of prescription and over-the-counter drugs the patient is currently taking. Compare this list to the American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria®, and consider alternative drugs if appropriate. Provide a review of systems.
  • Objective: What observations did you note from the physical assessment? What were the lab, imaging, or functional assessments results?
  • Assessment: Provide a minimum of three differential diagnoses. List them from top priority to least priority. Compare the diagnostic criteria for each, and explain what rules each differential in or out. Explain you critical thinking process that led you to the primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case.
  • Plan: Provide a detailed treatment plan for the patient that addresses each diagnosis, as applicable. Include documentation of diagnostic studies that will be obtained, referrals to other health-care providers, therapeutic interventions, education, disposition of the patient, caregiver support, and any planned follow-up visits. Provide a discussion of health promotion and disease prevention for the patient, taking into consideration patient factors, past medical history (PMH), and other risk factors. Finally, include a reflection statement on the case that describes insights or lessons learned.
  • Provide at least three evidence-based peer-reviewed journal articles or evidenced-based guidelines, which relate to this case to support your diagnostics and differentials diagnoses. Be sure they are current (no more than 5 years old) and support the treatment plan in following current standards of care. Follow APA 7th edition formatting.

Week 8 Case 2: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

CC: Mrs. Derrick is a 78-year-old female who comes to the office with complaints of increasing symptoms of lethargy; fever, night sweats, a 15 lb. weight loss over 6 months; bleeding gums when she brushes her teeth; purplish patches in the skin; and shortness of breath. She also reports a feeling of deep pain in her bones and joints, worse than her usual arthritis pain. She notes that her employment history includes working at a dry-cleaning shop for 15 years, with an exposure to dry cleaning chemicals (benzenes are known to be a possible cause of leukemias). She currently lives with her son and daughter-in-law and their teenage son in a single family home. She has Medicare, a Medicare supplement plan and has a modest social security payment each month. She is financially comfortable living with her family. Generally she has been in good health, only treated for hypertension, occasional gastric reflux and osteoarthritis – worse in left hip.

HPI: As stated in case above.

Allergies: NKDA

Medications:

  • Omeperzol 20mg po daily
  • HCTZ 25mg po daily
  • Acetaminophen 325mg 2 po every 6 hours PRN hip pain

PE: Enlarged lymph nodes and swelling or discomfort in the abdomen.

You diagnose this patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Address the following in your SOAP note:

What additional history about her past work environment would you explore?

What additional objective data will you be assessing for?

What tests will you order? Describe at least four lab tests.

What are the differential diagnoses that you are considering? Describe two.

List at least two diagnostic tests you will order to confirm the diagnosis of ALL.

Will you be looking for a consultation? Please explain.

As the primary care provider for this patient with ALL:

  • Describe the education and follow-up you will provide to this patient during and after treatment by the hematologist-oncologist.
  • Describe at least three (3) roles as the PCP for the ongoing care of the ALL patient.

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