Archive for category: Sample Papers

Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: Applying Psychosocial Theories Example

Assignment Brief

Assignment Title: Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: Applying Psychosocial Theories

Assignment Type: Essay

Assignment Length: 3 pages

Course Textbook: Theoretical Basis for Nursing 4th ed. ISBN: 9781451190311

Author: McEwen, Melanie & Wills, Evelyn M.

Assignment Instructions Overview/Description:

In this assignment, you will explore the practical application of psychosocial theories in the field of nursing. You will be presented with a hypothetical nursing case involving a 65-year-old woman who is being admitted for a mastectomy due to cancer. This patient expresses fear and depression during the nursing assessment, and her husband is also concerned about the outcome. Additionally, both the patient and her husband are overweight and have not undertaken any dietary changes that have been recommended.

You will address several critical questions related to this case:

1. Analyze what concepts from various psychosocial theories could be used in planning her care.
2. Analyze how her care might be changed if the woman were 25 years old.
3. Describe how care would be adjusted if she were 45 years old.
4. Explain how social psychology theories have been used in promoting breast cancer awareness.
5. Describe how you might utilize a theory to develop a future health promotion program for this couple.

The Student’s Role:

As a student, your role in this assignment is to:

• Review the case scenario provided involving a 65-year-old woman admitted for a mastectomy due to cancer and her husband.
• Research and identify relevant psychosocial theories that can be applied to address the emotional and psychological aspects of nursing care in this scenario.
• Analyze how the nursing care plan would differ based on the patient’s age (25 years old vs. 45 years old) and apply appropriate psychosocial theories to each situation.
• Explore the use of social psychology theories in breast cancer awareness campaigns and explain their impact.
• Develop a hypothetical health promotion program for the overweight couple based on a chosen theory, outlining its key components and objectives.

Introduction and Overview of the Assignment

In this assignment, we will explore the application of psychosocial theories in the context of nursing care for a 65-year-old woman who is being admitted for a mastectomy due to cancer. She expresses fear and depression during the nursing assessment, and her husband is also concerned about the outcome. Additionally, both the patient and her husband are overweight and have not undertaken any dietary changes recommended to them. We will address the following questions in this analysis.

Analyze what concepts from the various theories could be used in planning her care.

To address the emotional distress of the 65-year-old woman, we can draw upon various psychosocial theories to inform her care plan. One relevant theory is Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory. According to Erikson, individuals in late adulthood (age 65 and beyond) face the psychosocial crisis of “Ego Integrity vs. Despair.” In this context, the nurse can help the patient find a sense of integrity by acknowledging her fears and concerns, providing emotional support, and fostering a sense of acceptance of her condition.

In addition, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs can be applied to address the patient’s emotional needs. The nurse should ensure that the patient’s physiological needs (e.g., pain management, comfort) are met, followed by her safety needs (e.g., infection prevention), and then move on to addressing her love and belongingness needs (e.g., emotional support from her husband and healthcare team).

Analyze how her care might be changed if the woman were 25 years old.

If the patient were 25 years old, her psychosocial needs and concerns would likely be different. At this age, individuals are typically in the midst of Erikson’s “Intimacy vs. Isolation” stage. Nursing care would involve addressing her fears and concerns about her diagnosis while also considering her life stage. Support groups and counseling may be more focused on issues related to relationships, body image, and fertility preservation.

Describe how care would be adjusted if she were 45 years old.

If the patient were 45 years old, she would be in Erikson’s “Generativity vs. Stagnation” stage. Nursing care would need to address her concerns not only about her health but also about her role in society and her legacy. The nurse may explore her aspirations, goals, and how she can continue to contribute to her family and community. Support may also include addressing midlife stressors and coping mechanisms.

Explain how social psychology theories have been used in promoting breast cancer awareness.

Social psychology theories, such as the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior, have been instrumental in promoting breast cancer awareness. These theories emphasize the role of perception, attitudes, and social influences in health-related behaviors. Breast cancer awareness campaigns often leverage these theories by addressing perceived susceptibility and severity, promoting positive attitudes toward breast health, and utilizing social norms to encourage breast self-exams and mammograms.

Describe how you might utilize a theory to develop a future health promotion program for this couple.

To develop a health promotion program for the overweight couple, we can apply the Social Cognitive Theory, which highlights the importance of self-efficacy and observational learning. The program can include elements such as:

• Self-efficacy building: Helping the couple develop confidence in their ability to make dietary changes through education, goal setting, and small achievable steps.
• Modeling: Providing real-life examples of individuals who successfully adopted healthier lifestyles to inspire the couple.
• Social support: Creating a supportive environment for the couple by involving them in group activities, peer support, or family-based interventions.
• Reinforcement: Offering incentives and rewards for reaching dietary goals to reinforce positive behaviors.

In conclusion, psychosocial theories play a crucial role in understanding and addressing the emotional and behavioral aspects of nursing care. Tailoring care plans to an individual’s age, life stage, and psychosocial needs is essential for providing effective and compassionate nursing care. Additionally, applying social psychology theories can enhance health promotion efforts and encourage positive health behaviors in patients and their families.

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Language Development Theories Essay Example Assignment: A Comparative Analysis of Behaviorist and Nativist Theories

Assignment Brief

Assignment Title: Language Development Theories Essay: A Comparative Analysis of Behaviorist and Nativist Theories

Assignment Instructions Overview:

In this assignment, you will explore language development theories by conducting a comparative analysis of the Behaviorist Theory and the Nativist Theory. Your task is to focus on how these two theories explain language development, with a focus on their respective perspectives on the role of nature (biology) and nurture (environment) in this process.

The Student’s Role:

As a student undertaking this assignment, your role is to:

1. Select a Topic: Choose a specific topic within language development that you find interesting and relevant. This topic should be sufficiently specific to avoid overwhelming research but not so narrow that you struggle to find adequate literature.
2. Identify Theories: Select two language development theories for analysis, one from each of the following categories:

• Nature (biological perspective)
• Nurture (environmental perspective)

1. Conduct a Literature Review: Review relevant literature to gain a comprehensive understanding of your chosen topic and the selected theories. Utilize scholarly sources to provide the foundation for your analysis.
2. Write a Comparative Analysis: Develop an 8- to 10-page essay in which you do the following:

1. Introduction: Briefly introduce the specific topic you have selected for your analysis and provide an overview of the Behaviorist and Nativist Theories.
2. Comparison of Theories: Compare and contrast how each of the two theories (Behaviorist and Nativist) explains or characterizes your chosen topic. Examine their perspectives on the role of nature and nurture in language development.
3. Theory Selection: Explain which theory you believe best accounts for the topic/phenomenon you have chosen and provide reasons for your selection. Consider how the theories align or diverge in explaining language development.
4. Support with Literature: Back your argument with evidence from at least 6-8 scholarly references. Cite and reference your sources appropriately using a recognized citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).

Note: While the assignment’s focus is on language development, you are not limited to topics explicitly covered in the course. Feel free to select a relevant and intriguing subject within language development that aligns with your interests.

This assignment will test your ability to critically analyze and compare theories, synthesize information from scholarly sources, and construct a well-structured and evidence-based essay. It will also assess your capacity to present a coherent argument supported by relevant literature.

The assignment’s primary objective is to deepen your understanding of language development theories, enabling you to apply this knowledge to the chosen topic and engage in critical thinking and academic research.

Introduction

Language development is a multifaceted process that has intrigued scholars and researchers for centuries. Understanding the factors that contribute to language development is crucial, as language serves as a fundamental tool for communication and cognitive development. This essay explores the relationship between multiple intelligences, as proposed by Howard Gardner, and language development. Specifically, we will compare how the Behaviorist Theory and the Nativist Theory explain the influence of multiple intelligences on language development.

Multiple Intelligences Theory by Howard Gardner

Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory, introduced in 1983, challenged the conventional view of a single, monolithic intelligence. Gardner proposed that individuals possess multiple intelligences, each representing a unique way of knowing, understanding, and learning about the world. The eight intelligences identified by Gardner are Linguistic, Logical/Mathematical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalist.

These intelligences are not fixed traits but can be developed and nurtured. Gardner’s theory emphasizes the diversity of cognitive abilities and cognitive types, rejecting the idea that intelligence is confined to a single, fixed form.

Behaviorist Theory and Language Development

The Behaviorist Theory, rooted in the work of John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, emphasizes the role of environmental factors and conditioning in shaping human behavior. According to behaviorists, language is a learned behavior acquired through operant conditioning, where verbal behavior is reinforced or intensified by external stimuli. Internal factors like emotions and thoughts are considered irrelevant in behaviorist theories.

In the behaviorist view, language development is influenced by the immediate environment and the application of rewards and punishments. It is a process of imitation, practice, and reinforcement. Behaviorists argue that individuals learn language by observing and mimicking the linguistic behaviors of those around them.

Nativist Theory and Language Development

In contrast, the Nativist Theory, primarily associated with Noam Chomsky, posits that humans are born with an innate capacity for language acquisition. Chomsky argued that humans possess a universal grammar that allows them to learn any language they are exposed to during a critical period in early childhood. This theory suggests that the ability to acquire language is biologically hardwired into the human brain.

Comparative Analysis

Now, let’s examine how these two theories relate to the influence of multiple intelligences on language development.

Behaviorist Theory and Multiple Intelligences

From a behaviorist perspective, language development is influenced by the immediate environment and external conditioning. When we consider Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, we can see that each type of intelligence may interact with the environment differently, leading to variations in language development:

1. Linguistic Intelligence: Individuals with high linguistic intelligence are likely to excel in verbal communication and language development. They may imitate and practice linguistic patterns more effectively, leading to advanced language skills.
2. Musical Intelligence: People with strong musical intelligence may have a heightened sensitivity to the rhythm and melody of language, potentially aiding in pronunciation and language acquisition.
3. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence: Those with bodily-kinesthetic intelligence might use physical movements and gestures to enhance their language learning experience, making language acquisition more interactive.
4. Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Intelligences: Social and self-awareness intelligences may affect language development by influencing an individual’s ability to engage in meaningful conversations or self-reflect on their language skills.
5. Visual-Spatial Intelligence: Visual learners might rely on visual aids, such as charts and images, to grasp linguistic concepts, which can be particularly helpful in language learning.

Behaviorist theory aligns with Gardner’s theory in emphasizing the role of the environment and conditioning in language development. Different types of intelligences can interact with the environment to shape an individual’s language acquisition process.

Nativist Theory and Multiple Intelligences

The Nativist Theory, on the other hand, suggests that language acquisition is primarily a biologically driven process. However, the presence of multiple intelligences in Gardner’s theory still plays a role within this framework:

• Linguistic Intelligence: Nativist theory aligns with linguistic intelligence by proposing that the innate language acquisition system is present in all humans, allowing them to learn any language.
• Other Intelligences: While the Nativist Theory emphasizes biological factors, it does not negate the role of other intelligences in enhancing language development. For instance, musical intelligence may contribute to an individual’s ability to perceive and reproduce phonetic sounds accurately.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the influence of multiple intelligences on language development can be viewed through the lenses of both the Behaviorist Theory and the Nativist Theory. Behaviorism emphasizes the role of environmental factors and conditioning, where different intelligences interact with the environment to shape language acquisition. The Nativist Theory, while emphasizing biological factors, still allows for the contribution of various intelligences in enhancing language skills. Understanding this interplay between multiple intelligences and language development provides valuable insights for educators, psychologists, and researchers in the field of developmental psychology. Further research is needed to explore these connections and their implications for education and language acquisition.

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Systems Engineering: Neural Network Model Essay Example

Systems Engineering: Neural Network Model Essay Assignment Brief

Title: Nonlinear Dynamic Artificial Neural Network Model for Human-Centric Systems

Overview:

In this assignment, you will explore the application of a nonlinear dynamic artificial neural network model for memory in the context of complex and dynamic human-centric systems. You will analyze key aspects of the model, including weighting, bipolar pairs, two interconnected layers, and three types of attractors, as described in the reference material by Chartier, Renaud, and Boukadoum (2008). Your task is to determine whether this model is suitable for selected complex and dynamic human-centric systems and to articulate how these aspects either support or challenge its applicability.

Understanding Systems Engineering: Neural Network Model Essay Assignment:

Context and Background:

Nonlinearity has gained prominence in various fields such as psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science due to its ability to address the complexity of human neural mechanisms (Brivio et al., 2018). The nonlinear dynamic artificial neural network model for memory offers a bridge between behavioral memory models and biological memory neural models. It is characterized by specific features that make it a potential tool for understanding complex human-centric systems.

Key Aspects to Investigate:

• Weighting and Interconnected Layers: Examine how weighting matrices W and V are utilized in the model for monitoring iterations. Investigate the role of the two interconnected layers and the bidirectional flow of information between them. Compare these features to traditional neural network designs and assess their flexibility and significance.
• Three Types of Attractors: Explore the three types of attractors employed by the model: region-constrained, multi-valued, and aperiodic. Discuss their significance in simulating human development and memory. Analyze how the model adapts to these attractors and produces real-time values without continuous experimenter intervention.

The Student’s Role:

As a student undertaking this assignment, your role is to:

• Review the Reference Material: Carefully study the paper by Chartier, Renaud, and Boukadoum (2008), titled “A nonlinear dynamic artificial neural network model of memory” (available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2007.07.005). This paper provides essential background information on the neural network model and its key components.
• Analyze the Model: Analyze the nonlinear dynamic artificial neural network model for memory as described in the reference material. Pay specific attention to the aspects of weighting, bipolar pairs, two interconnected layers, and the three types of attractors.
• Evaluate Suitability: Based on your analysis, make an informed judgment regarding the model’s suitability for selected complex and dynamic human-centric systems. Provide evidence to support your evaluation, considering how the model aligns with the dynamics of organic brain models and any potential challenges it may face.
• Consider NDS Principles: Discuss whether the model satisfies the principles of the Nonlinear Dynamic Systems (NDS) approach to psychology, as recommended by Brivio et al. (2018). Explain how adherence to NDS principles may facilitate the model’s ability to bridge the gap between brain processes and human actions.

Introduction

Nonlinearity plays a pivotal role in understanding complex human phenomena across various domains such as psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science (Brivio et al., 2018). The intricate nature of the human neural mechanism necessitates innovative approaches to decipher decision-making processes. Chartier, Renaud, and Boukadoum (2008) present a nonlinear dynamic artificial neural network model for memory, offering a bridge between behavioral memory models and biological memory neural models. In this essay, we explore the suitability of this model for selected complex and dynamic human-centric systems. We will focus on key aspects, including weighting, bipolar pairs, two interconnected layers, and three types of attractors, and evaluate how these aspects support or challenge its applicability.

Weighting and Interconnected Layers

The model employs weighting matrices, W and V, to facilitate network iterations (Ghiassi & Nangoy, 2009). It consists of two interconnected layers that exchange processed information between the matrices. Information flows from W to V, and V returns the information in a repetitive process (Chartier et al., 2008). This bi-directional operation makes it a bottom-up and top-down process, offering flexibility in the dimensions of the two layers. Unlike conventional BAM designs, this model does not require one side’s weight vector to be the inversion of the other side (Brivio et al., 2018). Moreover, each unit in the network represents a brain population, not an individual neuron.

Three Types of Attractors

The model employs three types of attractors during operation: region-constrained, multi-valued, and aperiodic (Ghiassi & Nangoy, 2009). These attractors play a crucial role in simulating human development, and their stability is vital. Notably, the model operates autonomously, adapting to attractors and producing real-time values without the need for constant experimenter intervention (Brivio et al., 2018).

Suitability for Complex and Dynamic Human-Centric Systems

The model’s ability to process multi-valued stimuli aligns well with the dynamic nature of organic brain models. This feature makes it suitable for selected complex and dynamic human-centric systems. Additionally, the model exhibits characteristics recommended in the Nonlinear Dynamic Systems (NDS) approach to psychology (Brivio et al., 2018). By satisfying NDS features, the model can bridge the gap between brain processes and human actions.

Conclusion

Chartier, Renaud, and Boukadoum’s nonlinear dynamic artificial neural network model for memory presents a promising approach to understanding complex human-centric systems. Its utilization of weighting matrices, interconnected layers, and three types of attractors offers a flexible and adaptable framework. The model’s capacity to process multi-valued stimuli and adhere to NDS principles positions it as a valuable tool for studying complex and dynamic human phenomena. As we continue to explore the intricacies of human behavior and cognition, this model may play a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of human-centric systems.

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Enhancing Patient Engagement and Health Outcomes through Technology Essay Example

Assignment Brief

Assignment Title: Enhancing Patient Engagement and Health Outcomes through Technology

Assignment Instructions Overview:

In this assignment, you will explore the critical aspect of patient engagement in healthcare and understand why it is of paramount importance. You will then create a clinical case example of a patient who does not currently utilize technology for health data management. Subsequently, you will explore the role of a Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) in introducing and encouraging the patient to use a specific form of technology for health data access and management. Barriers and solutions related to this transition will be identified, backed by scholarly resources.

Understanding the Task: Enhancing Patient Engagement and Health Outcomes through Technology

The assignment revolves around the significance of patient engagement in healthcare. Patient engagement is crucial as it empowers individuals to actively participate in their healthcare journey, leading to several benefits, including improved communication with healthcare providers, enhanced patient-physician relationships, informed decision-making, efficient health data tracking, and overall satisfaction (Smith et al., 2021). This assignment aims to highlight why patient engagement is vital.

Introduction

Patient engagement is a pivotal component of modern healthcare, promoting active involvement and collaboration between patients and healthcare providers to achieve positive health outcomes. This essay explores the importance of patient engagement, presents a clinical case example, and discusses how a Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) can engage the patient in using technology for health data management. Specifically, the paper will focus on a patient portal as the technology of choice.

Importance of Patient Engagement

Patient engagement stands as a crucial pillar of contemporary healthcare, yielding a multitude of advantages that reverberate throughout the entire healthcare ecosystem, transcending individual patients. One of the key advantages is its capacity to improve communication between patients and their healthcare providers. When patients actively participate in their care, they feel more comfortable sharing their concerns, posing questions, and seeking clarification about their treatment plans. This open channel of communication results in more well-informed decisions and a clearer comprehension of their medical conditions and available treatment choices (Smith et al., 2021).

Building upon the foundation of improved communication, patient engagement also plays a crucial role in strengthening the relationships between patients and physicians. Patients who actively engage in their healthcare often develop a sense of trust and partnership with their healthcare providers. They feel valued as active participants in their care rather than passive recipients of medical advice. This positive rapport can lead to increased patient satisfaction and, subsequently, better treatment outcomes (Smith et al., 2021).

In today’s data-driven healthcare landscape, efficient health data tracking is paramount. Patient engagement helps individuals take charge of their health records, facilitating the seamless management of personal health information. Patients can easily access their medical history, test results, and treatment plans, empowering them to monitor their health progress and make more informed choices. This capability not only empowers patients but also streamlines administrative processes in healthcare institutions (Smith et al., 2021).

Furthermore, patient engagement is intimately tied to making well-informed decisions. When patients actively participate in determining their healthcare choices, they tend to follow treatment plans and lifestyle adjustments advised by their healthcare providers more faithfully. As a result, this translates into better health results and, on occasion, a reduction in healthcare costs because patients are less likely to require additional treatments due to non-compliance (Smith et al., 2021).

Zooming out for a wider perspective, patient engagement’s benefits also exert a favorable influence on the entire healthcare system. By promoting patient involvement in their care, healthcare institutions can achieve cost savings through improved adherence to treatment plans, fewer hospital readmissions, and a focus on preventative care. These financial benefits are complemented by enhanced care quality, which is driven by patients who are actively engaged in their health management (Smith et al., 2021).

Clinical Case Example

Let’s consider the case of Mr. X, a 36-year-old male with a history of diabetes since childhood. Recently, Mr. X sought medical attention at a healthcare facility when he began experiencing a high-grade fever, abdominal pain, and vomiting.

After undergoing a series of tests and examinations, Mr. X was informed that his results would be ready for collection the following day at 0800hrs. With a sense of anticipation, he arrived promptly at the designated time. Unfortunately, Mr. X’s encounter with the healthcare system took an arduous turn as he had to endure long waits at the facility just to access his test results and consult with a physician.

To make matters more challenging, after two days of diligently taking his prescribed medication, Mr. X experienced unexpected side effects. The discomfort and uncertainty prompted him to make an unplanned return visit to the healthcare facility. This situation underscores the need for a more efficient and patient-centric approach to healthcare delivery.

In this scenario, the Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) has a golden opportunity to introduce Mr. X to a game-changing solution: a patient portal. Patient portals are digital platforms that empower patients to actively engage in their healthcare by providing convenient access to their medical information, test results, appointment scheduling, secure messaging with healthcare providers, and more.

By introducing Mr. X to a patient portal, the FNP can address the challenges he faced during his recent healthcare encounters. For instance, instead of enduring long waits to collect test results at the facility, Mr. X could access his results securely through the portal at his convenience. This not only saves time but also reduces the anxiety associated with waiting.

Moreover, the patient portal’s secure messaging feature allows Mr. X to communicate directly with his healthcare provider from the comfort of his home. Instead of waiting for another in-person consultation, he can seek guidance on his medication side effects promptly. The portal creates an interactive and immediate connection between patients and healthcare providers, making the healthcare experience more engaging.

In today’s digital era, patient portals have gained significant importance as tools for boosting patient engagement and the overall quality of care. They go beyond just improving communication between patients and providers; they empower patients to actively engage in their healthcare choices. By harnessing technology and patient portals, Family Nurse Practitioners (FNPs) can assist patients like Mr. X in navigating the intricacies of the healthcare system more smoothly. This, in turn, results in better health outcomes and increased patient contentment.

Patient Portal Technology

The patient portal is a secure online platform that offers 24/7 access to medical information and services. Patients and healthcare providers can use it collaboratively or individually. It requires a secure username and password for access and is accessible wherever an internet connection is available. The patient portal allows patients to take control of their health, save time, reduce costs, and streamline communication with healthcare providers.

Key functionalities of the patient portal include:

1. Secure Data Access: Patients can securely view their medical records, test results, and healthcare provider’s instructions.
2. Health Information Updates: Patients can update their health information, including vital signs, medication adherence, and other relevant data.
3. Secure Messaging: Patients can send secure messages to their healthcare providers, allowing for convenient communication and inquiries.
4. Appointment Scheduling: Patients can schedule appointments at their convenience, reducing wait times at the facility.
5. Result Notifications: Patients receive alerts when their test results become available, eliminating the need to wait at the hospital for results.

Barriers and Solutions:

While patient portals offer numerous advantages, several barriers must be addressed:

• Technological Literacy: Some patients, especially older adults, may struggle with technology. To overcome this, the FNP can provide training sessions or involve family members or caregivers to assist with portal usage.
• Data Security: Patient portals introduce data security concerns. To mitigate this risk, robust security measures should be implemented, including encryption, secure hosting, and user education about safe login practices.
• Patient Resistance: Convincing patients to adopt a new technological approach can be challenging. The FNP can address this by providing education on the benefits of the patient portal, allowing patients time to adjust, and fostering a gradual cultural shift.

Conclusion

Patient engagement through technology, such as patient portals, offers substantial advantages in modern healthcare. While challenges exist, they can be effectively addressed through education, security measures, and patience. Patient portals are poised to enhance healthcare delivery, empower patients, and ultimately improve health outcomes.

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NURS 6051 The Use of Clinical Systems to Improve Outcomes and Efficiencies

Assignment Brief: NURS 6051 – The Use of Clinical Systems to Improve Outcomes and Efficiencies

Assignment Title: The Use of Clinical Systems to Improve Outcomes and Efficiencies

Course: NURS 6051 – Healthcare Systems and Quality Management

Assignment Overview

In this assignment, you will explore the impact of clinical systems on healthcare outcomes and efficiencies. You will focus on Electronic Health Records (EHRs) as a key clinical system. This assignment aims to enhance your understanding of how healthcare informatics and technology can shape the quality of care and operational efficiency within healthcare organizations.

Understanding NURS 6051: The Use of Clinical Systems to Improve Outcomes and Efficiencies

The NURS 6051 course delves into the critical role of clinical systems, such as Electronic Health Records (EHRs), in improving healthcare outcomes and operational efficiencies. It emphasizes the importance of leveraging technology to enhance the quality of care, streamline processes, and ultimately benefit both patients and healthcare providers.

The Student’s Role

As a student in NURS 6051, your role in this assignment is to conduct a literature review focusing on the application of clinical systems, particularly EHRs, and their impact on healthcare outcomes and efficiencies. You will analyze and synthesize peer-reviewed research articles to gain insights into the effectiveness of EHRs in various healthcare contexts.

NURS 6051 The Use of Clinical Systems to Improve Outcomes and Efficiencies Example Paper

Introduction

In the wake of the 21st-century digital revolution, governments, medical organizations, and institutions are increasingly embracing information and digital technology as the cornerstone of delivering high-quality healthcare to patients. With proven benefits in various significant industries such as retail, telecommunications, and manufacturing, investing in information technology offers a tangible return on investment, which can be quantified through improvements in patient outcomes and healthcare efficiencies (Mullins et al., 2020). Among the technologies garnering significant interest from healthcare organizations worldwide is the utilization of electronic health records (EHRs) to provide top-tier care. Researchers widely concur that EHRs have the potential to revolutionize healthcare delivery by enhancing care coordination, patient treatment, and adherence to evidence-based medical guidelines (Wani & Malhotra, 2018). Nonetheless, limited research exists on the efficacy of EHRs during their implementation. This paper aims to delve into articles that assess the impact of EHRs on the quality of care delivered to patients.

Annotated Bibliography

1. Mousa, M., Rankin, D., Mullins, A., O’Donnell, Rankin, Boyd-Skinner, C., Ben-Meir, M., & Skouteris, H. (2020). HEALTH OUTCOMES AND HEALTHCARE EFFICIENCIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS IN HOSPITAL EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Journal of Medical Systems, 44(12). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-020-01660-0

This systematic review aimed to investigate the potential impact of EHRs on healthcare outcomes and efficiencies within hospital emergency departments. The authors conducted a systematic review of articles retrieved from databases like MEDLINE, EMBASE, and EMcare, spanning from 2009 to 2019. The selection criteria encompassed articles that assessed the functional impact of EHRs or health information exchanges, reported benefits in patient health outcomes and improved healthcare costs, were published in English, and underwent peer review. Out of 6635 publications, 23 articles met the inclusion criteria. The findings identified eight distinct categories of healthcare outcomes and three types of efficiency benefits associated with EHR usage in the emergency department. These benefits encompassed reductions in admission rates, improved diagnosis accuracy, decreased length of stay, and cost savings from reduced diagnostic testing and imaging. Notably, the study shed light on a previously unexplored phenomenon: moderate to large increases in admission rates linked with EHR adoption in the emergency department.

2. Shelden, D., Ateya, M., Jensen, A., Arnold, P., Bellomo, T., & Gianchandani, R. (2020). Improving Hospital Glucometrics, Workflow, and Outcomes with a Computerized Intravenous Insulin Dose Calculator Built into the Electronic Health Record. JOURNAL OF DIABETES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 15(2), 271-278. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296820974767

This study sought to investigate the impact of integrating a computerized intravenous insulin dose calculator into the EHR to enhance workflow, glucometrics, and outcomes within a hospital setting. The study employed a multidisciplinary approach, involving stakeholders from various departments such as nursing, pharmacy, clinical informatics, hospitalist service, critical care, and information technology. After the integration of the IV insulin calculator into the EHR, medical providers could conveniently order insulin using the linked infusion calculator through the physician order entry interface. The study assessed the outcomes of this intervention through a pre-and post-intervention framework. While the use of the insulin calculator led to a reduction in hypoglycemia incidence, particularly in severe cases, statistical significance for this parameter was not achieved. Nevertheless, the post-intervention group exhibited no instances of severe hypoglycemia. The study also noted a favorable trend in average blood glucose levels. In conclusion, the authors emphasized that the results of the study’s insulin calculator intervention yielded lower rates of hypoglycemia compared to previous empirical studies. Given these findings, the authors advocated for the continued adoption of EHR systems as the standard of care for patients.

3. Malhotra, M., & Wani, D. (2018). DOES THE MEANINGFUL USE OF ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS IMPROVE PATIENT OUTCOMES? Journal of Operations Management, 60(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2018.06.003

This paper aimed to investigate the impact of meaningful assimilation and integration of EHRs, as mandated by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, on patient health outcomes. The study design involved an examination of the effect of EHRs on patient length of stay (LOS) across three levels of healthcare institutions: those that fully implemented EHRs, those that partially adopted EHRs, and those that meaningfully integrated EHRs. Data were collected from the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) of California spanning from 2010 to 2013. The dataset included patient discharge records and demographic information. The results revealed that the average LOS decreased by 3% for patients receiving care at institutions meaningfully employing EHR technology compared to those treated at fully adopting EHR hospitals. The degree of reduction in LOS was more pronounced for patients with complex comorbidities and coordination issues. Additionally, a decrease in readmission rates by approximately 6.5% was observed over the same period. Such benefits were not observed among EHR complete adopters. Consequently, the study provided empirical evidence that, beyond mere adoption, hospital-wide EHR assimilation can significantly enhance patient care efficiency, particularly benefiting senior-aged patients.

4. Wilson, F., Martin, M., Yamamoto, Y., Partridge, C., Moreira, E., & Arora, T. et al. (2021). ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD ALERTS FOR ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY: MULTICENTER, RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL. BMJ, m4786. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4786

This paper set out to investigate the impact of electronic health record alerts on health outcomes for patients with acute kidney injury through a randomized clinical trial. The study encompassed six Yale-New Haven Health System institutions located in Rhode Island and Connecticut. Inclusion criteria required patients to be aged 18 or older and diagnosed with acute kidney injury. The randomized intervention involved the implementation of electronic automated pop-up alerts triggered when a patient’s electronic chart was accessed. Outcomes measured included dialysis receipt, progression of acute kidney injury, and interventions administered within 14 days of randomization. Secondary outcomes comprised the frequency of specific practices for acute kidney injury patients, including urine output and creatinine monitoring, documentation of acute kidney injury, urinalysis ordering, and kidney consultation ordering. The study included 6030 participants who met the inclusion criteria. The results indicated that the group receiving electronic health record alerts exhibited a higher likelihood (38.4%) of receiving intravenous fluid orders compared to the control group (34.8%). They were also more likely to undergo urinalysis (17.0% vs. 14.9%) and have serum creatinine measured (87.2% in the randomized group vs. 85.2% in the control group). Furthermore, the intervention groups exhibited a higher likelihood of documentation of acute kidney injury during hospital admission (70%) compared to the control group (63.0%). However, no significant differences were observed in recording urine output or the frequency of intravenous fluid administration at 24, 48, and 72 hours post-randomization. Ultimately, the study concluded that the implementation of automated electronic alerts for acute kidney injury patients had minimal impact on process measures and did not significantly affect the risk of progression, mortality, or dialysis. Therefore, the authors did not endorse the adoption of electronic alerts for acute kidney injury patients.

Conclusion

Electronic health records (EHRs) have emerged as pivotal tools in healthcare delivery, holding the potential to enhance the quality, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of care. The reviewed studies collectively support the notion that strategic implementation of EHR systems can lead to improved healthcare outcomes and efficiencies within medical institutions. Nevertheless, it is essential to acknowledge that the impact of EHRs may vary depending on the specific clinical context. Consequently, ongoing research and evaluation are imperative to maximize the benefits of EHRs in diverse healthcare settings.

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